General Studies

Environment and Ecology: Practice Questions with Answers

237 practice questions on Environment and Ecology, with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.

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1. Q.151

   The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (2011), which recommended declaring the entire Western Ghats an Ecologically Sensitive Area, was headed by

   1. A K. Kasturirangan
   2. B Madhav Gadgil
   3. C M.S. Swaminathan
   4. D Sunita Narain
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) Madhav Gadgil

   The Gadgil committee (2011) proposed three graded ecologically sensitive zones covering the whole Western Ghats. The later Kasturirangan committee (2013) diluted this to about 37 percent of the area.

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2. Q.152

   The seasonal 'ozone hole', first reported by scientists of the British Antarctic Survey in 1985, forms every spring over

   1. A The Arctic Ocean
   2. B Antarctica
   3. C The Sahara Desert
   4. D The equatorial Pacific
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   Correct answer: (B) Antarctica

   Extreme cold over Antarctica produces polar stratospheric clouds on which chlorine is activated, and returning spring sunlight then drives rapid ozone loss. Ozone thinning also occurs over the Arctic but is usually less severe.

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3. Q.153

   In general, the diversity of plant and animal species ___ as we move from the equator towards the poles.

   1. A Decreases
   2. B Increases
   3. C Remains the same
   4. D First decreases and then increases
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   Correct answer: (A) Decreases

   Tropical regions near the equator, with stable climates and abundant solar energy, are richest in species, and diversity generally declines towards the poles; Colombia near the equator, for example, has far more bird species than Greenland.

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4. Q.154

   Under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, an area of not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may be declared a

   1. A Residential zone
   2. B Buffer zone
   3. C Eco-sensitive zone
   4. D Silence zone
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Silence zone

   The 2000 Rules, framed under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, allow an area of at least 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts to be declared a silence zone; since a 2017 amendment, an area becomes a silence zone only when the State Government notifies it as one. Silence zones have the strictest ambient noise limits of all zones.

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5. Q.155

   More UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of ozone depletion increases the risk of

   1. A Malaria and dengue
   2. B Skin cancer and cataract
   3. C Goitre
   4. D Scurvy
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) Skin cancer and cataract

   UV-B damages DNA, so greater exposure raises the risk of skin cancer, cataract and snow-blindness (inflammation of the cornea). It also harms phytoplankton and the growth of crops.

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6. Q.156

   The level of noise is commonly expressed in which unit?

   1. A Hertz
   2. B Lux
   3. C Kelvin
   4. D Decibels
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   Correct answer: (D) Decibels

   Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB), a logarithmic unit, and India's ambient noise standards are given in dB(A). Hertz measures the frequency (pitch) of a sound, not its loudness.

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7. Q.157

   CITES, signed at Washington in 1973, regulates

   1. A International trade in endangered wild animals and plants
   2. B Transboundary movement of hazardous waste
   3. C Conservation of migratory species
   4. D Access to genetic resources
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   Correct answer: (A) International trade in endangered wild animals and plants

   CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), also called the Washington Convention, lists species in Appendices I to III to control their trade. India joined in 1976.

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8. Q.158

   Which of the following is NOT one of the eight pollutants used to compute India's National Air Quality Index (AQI)?

   1. A PM2.5
   2. B Ozone
   3. C Carbon dioxide
   4. D Ammonia
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   Correct answer: (C) Carbon dioxide

   The National AQI (2014) is based on PM10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, ammonia and lead. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas but not an AQI pollutant.

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9. Q.159

   In the absence of an external source of water, the kangaroo rat of North American deserts meets all its water requirement through

   1. A Drinking dew collected at night
   2. B Storing water in its tail
   3. C Absorbing moisture through its skin
   4. D Internal oxidation of fat, which produces water
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   Correct answer: (D) Internal oxidation of fat, which produces water

   The kangaroo rat obtains metabolic water from the oxidation of its food reserves such as fat, and it also conserves water by producing highly concentrated urine.

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10. Q.160

    The National Green Tribunal can hear civil cases arising under the Acts listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act 2010. Which of the following Acts is NOT in that Schedule?

    1. A Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
    2. B Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
    3. C Biological Diversity Act 2002
    4. D Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972

    Schedule I lists seven Acts, including the Water Act, the Air Act, the Forest (Conservation) Act, the Environment (Protection) Act and the Biological Diversity Act. The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and the Forest Rights Act 2006 are not included.

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11. Q.161

    Vermicomposting converts kitchen and farm waste into nutrient-rich manure with the help of

    1. A Termites
    2. B Ants
    3. C Snails
    4. D Earthworms
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    Correct answer: (D) Earthworms

    In vermicomposting, earthworms such as Eisenia fetida feed on organic waste and excrete castings rich in nutrients. It is a simple way to manage biodegradable household waste.

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12. Q.162

    In primary succession in water, the pioneer species are usually

    1. A Lichens
    2. B Mosses
    3. C Reed-swamp plants such as Typha
    4. D Phytoplankton
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    Correct answer: (D) Phytoplankton

    In water the pioneers are small phytoplankton; they are replaced in turn by rooted submerged plants, rooted floating plants, free-floating plants, reed swamp, marsh meadow, scrub and finally trees. Lichens are the pioneers on bare rock.

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13. Q.163

    Rhizophora, a common mangrove, is held up in soft tidal mud mainly by

    1. A A deep tap root
    2. B Tuberous storage roots
    3. C Stilt (prop) roots arising from the stem
    4. D Clinging climbing roots
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    Correct answer: (C) Stilt (prop) roots arising from the stem

    Rhizophora sends out arching stilt roots from its lower stem that prop it up in the unstable mud; some other mangroves, such as Avicennia, rely on pneumatophores for breathing.

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14. Q.164

    Consider the following statements about the criteria for a region to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot: 1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants. 2. It must have lost at least 70 percent of its original natural habitat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
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    Correct answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

    A hotspot must combine high endemism (at least 1,500 endemic vascular plant species) with high threat (loss of at least 70 percent of its original habitat), as defined by Conservation International.

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15. Q.165

    Carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust is dangerous to humans mainly because it

    1. A Combines with haemoglobin and reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity
    2. B Destroys the ozone layer
    3. C Dissolves in rainwater to form sulphuric acid
    4. D Causes leaching of nutrients from the soil
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    Correct answer: (A) Combines with haemoglobin and reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity

    Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin far more readily than oxygen, forming carboxyhaemoglobin, so less oxygen reaches the body's tissues. This can cause headache, dizziness and, at high levels, death.

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16. Q.166

    Discharge of hot water from thermal power plants into a river harms fish and other aquatic life mainly because warmer water

    1. A Contains more nitrogen
    2. B Becomes more saline
    3. C Blocks all sunlight
    4. D Holds less dissolved oxygen
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    Correct answer: (D) Holds less dissolved oxygen

    This is thermal pollution: the solubility of oxygen in water falls as temperature rises, while the oxygen needs of fish increase. Sensitive species may die or leave the affected stretch of the river.

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17. Q.167

    During nitrification, which bacterium converts nitrite into nitrate?

    1. A Nitrobacter
    2. B Nitrosomonas
    3. C Rhizobium
    4. D Azotobacter
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    Correct answer: (A) Nitrobacter

    Nitrification takes place in two steps: Nitrosomonas oxidises ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter oxidises nitrite to nitrate, the form plants absorb most easily.

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18. Q.168

    Open burning of plastic waste, especially PVC, releases highly toxic and persistent chlorinated compounds called

    1. A Dioxins
    2. B Freons
    3. C Halons
    4. D Hydrofluorocarbons
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    Correct answer: (A) Dioxins

    Burning chlorine-containing plastics at low temperatures produces dioxins and furans, which cause cancer and persist in the environment. Dioxins are among the persistent organic pollutants covered by the Stockholm Convention.

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19. Q.169

    Bhitarkanika National Park, a mangrove wetland in the Brahmani-Baitarani delta of Odisha, is noted for its population of

    1. A Saltwater (estuarine) crocodiles
    2. B Asiatic lions
    3. C One-horned rhinoceros
    4. D Great Indian Bustards
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    Correct answer: (A) Saltwater (estuarine) crocodiles

    Bhitarkanika, in the delta of the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers, is a stronghold of the saltwater crocodile, revived there under the crocodile conservation programme; the Gahirmatha turtle nesting beach adjoins it.

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20. Q.170

    Which of the following pairs of a species interaction and its type is correctly matched?

    1. A Lichen (alga and fungus) – Parasitism
    2. B Cuscuta on hedge plants – Commensalism
    3. C Orchid growing on a mango branch – Parasitism
    4. D Fig tree and its pollinating wasp – Mutualism
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    Correct answer: (D) Fig tree and its pollinating wasp – Mutualism

    The fig wasp pollinates the fig while its larvae develop inside the fig's fruits, so both benefit (mutualism). A lichen is also mutualism, Cuscuta is a parasite and the epiphytic orchid is a commensal.

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21. Q.171

    The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) was constituted in 2006 through an amendment to the

    1. A Environment (Protection) Act 1986
    2. B Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
    3. C Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
    4. D Biological Diversity Act 2002
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    Correct answer: (B) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972

    The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2006 created the NTCA, a statutory body under the Union Environment Ministry that oversees Project Tiger and the tiger reserves. The same amendment provided for the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau.

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22. Q.172

    Pulicat Lake, a brackish-water lagoon whose barrier island Sriharikota hosts India's satellite launch centre, lies on the border of

    1. A Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
    2. B Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
    3. C Kerala and Tamil Nadu
    4. D Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
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    Correct answer: (D) Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

    Pulicat, separated from the Bay of Bengal by Sriharikota island, stretches across the Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border and is known for flamingos and other water birds.

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23. Q.173

    Itai-itai disease, which causes severe bone and kidney damage, is caused by

    1. A Cadmium
    2. B Mercury
    3. C Lead
    4. D Fluoride
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    Correct answer: (A) Cadmium

    Itai-itai ('ouch-ouch') disease struck people in Japan's Toyama prefecture who ate rice irrigated with cadmium-contaminated mine water. It softens bones and damages the kidneys.

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24. Q.174

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?

    1. A Conservation of biological diversity
    2. B Sustainable use of its components
    3. C Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources
    4. D Regulation of international trade in endangered species
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    Correct answer: (D) Regulation of international trade in endangered species

    The CBD's three objectives are conservation, sustainable use, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from genetic resources. Regulating trade in endangered species is the job of CITES.

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25. Q.175

    The 10 percent law, which states that only about 10 percent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, was proposed by

    1. A Ernst Haeckel
    2. B Raymond Lindeman
    3. C A.G. Tansley
    4. D Charles Elton
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    Correct answer: (B) Raymond Lindeman

    Raymond Lindeman proposed the 10 percent law in 1942 in his work on trophic dynamics. Haeckel coined 'ecology', Tansley coined 'ecosystem' and Elton introduced ecological pyramids.

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26. Q.176

    A ring-shaped coral reef, or a chain of coral islands, enclosing a central lagoon is called

    1. A A fringing reef
    2. B A barrier reef
    3. C A sea stack
    4. D An atoll
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    Correct answer: (D) An atoll

    Fringing reefs grow close to the shore and barrier reefs run parallel to the coast across a wide lagoon, while an atoll is a ring of reef around a lagoon; many islands of Lakshadweep and the Maldives are atolls.

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27. Q.177

    A detritus food chain begins with

    1. A Green plants
    2. B Dead organic matter
    3. C Herbivores
    4. D Top carnivores
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    Correct answer: (B) Dead organic matter

    The detritus food chain starts with dead organic matter (detritus), which is used by decomposers and detritivores. The grazing food chain, by contrast, starts with green plants.

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28. Q.178

    Under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, the ambient noise limit for a residential area during the daytime is

    1. A 45 dB(A)
    2. B 55 dB(A)
    3. C 65 dB(A)
    4. D 75 dB(A)
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) 55 dB(A)

    Daytime limits are 75 dB(A) for industrial, 65 for commercial and 55 for residential areas, and 50 for silence zones. At night (10 pm to 6 am) the residential limit falls to 45 dB(A).

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29. Q.179

    Which of the following wetlands is correctly matched with the state or union territory in which it lies?

    1. A Loktak Lake – Mizoram
    2. B Wular Lake – Himachal Pradesh
    3. C Tso Moriri – Sikkim
    4. D Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan
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    Correct answer: (D) Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan

    Sambhar, an inland saline lake, is in Rajasthan. Loktak is in Manipur, Wular in Jammu and Kashmir and Tso Moriri in Ladakh; all four are Ramsar sites.

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30. Q.180

    Eravikulam National Park in the high ranges of Kerala is known for the conservation of the

    1. A Blackbuck
    2. B Red panda
    3. C Nilgiri tahr
    4. D Hangul
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    Correct answer: (C) Nilgiri tahr

    Eravikulam, near Munnar, holds a large share of the surviving Nilgiri tahr, a mountain goat endemic to the Western Ghats.

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31. Q.181

    Mottled and discoloured teeth, and in severe cases stiff and deformed bones, result from drinking water over a long period that contains excess

    1. A Fluoride
    2. B Nitrate
    3. C Iron
    4. D Chloride
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    Correct answer: (A) Fluoride

    Excess fluoride in groundwater causes dental and skeletal fluorosis, a problem in several states including Rajasthan. Small amounts of fluoride protect teeth, but an excess damages teeth and bones.

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32. Q.182

    Without the natural greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature of the Earth would be about ___ instead of the present average of about 15 °C.

    1. A −60 °C
    2. B −18 °C
    3. C 0 °C
    4. D 10 °C
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    Correct answer: (B) −18 °C

    The natural greenhouse effect of water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases keeps the Earth about 33 °C warmer than it would otherwise be. Today's problem is the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by extra gases from human activities.

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33. Q.183

    Photochemical smog, of the type first studied in Los Angeles, is formed by the action of sunlight on

    1. A Sulphur dioxide and smoke particles
    2. B Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
    3. C Carbon dioxide and water vapour
    4. D CFCs and methane
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons

    Sunlight acts on vehicle-emitted nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons to form ozone and PAN, giving brown photochemical smog. The London smog of 1952 was the other type, a sulphurous smog from coal smoke.

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34. Q.184

    The Sundarbans mangrove forest, shared by India and Bangladesh, lies in the delta formed by the

    1. A Mahanadi and Brahmani
    2. B Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna
    3. C Godavari and Krishna
    4. D Indus and its tributaries
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna

    The Sundarbans occupy the delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna in West Bengal and Bangladesh; the Indian part is a tiger reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its name is commonly linked to the Sundari tree.

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35. Q.185

    Melting of snow and sea ice speeds up global warming because the darker land and ocean surfaces that get exposed

    1. A Have a higher albedo and reflect more sunlight
    2. B Have a lower albedo and absorb more sunlight
    3. C Release large amounts of ozone
    4. D Emit chlorofluorocarbons
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Have a lower albedo and absorb more sunlight

    Snow and ice have a high albedo and reflect most sunlight, while open water and bare ground absorb much more. More absorption causes more melting, a positive feedback that makes the Arctic warm faster than the global average.

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36. Q.186

    The change in species composition from one community or habitat to another along an environmental gradient is called

    1. A Beta diversity
    2. B Alpha diversity
    3. C Gamma diversity
    4. D Genetic diversity
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    Correct answer: (A) Beta diversity

    In R.H. Whittaker's scheme, alpha diversity is the diversity within a community, beta diversity the turnover of species between communities, and gamma diversity the overall diversity of a whole region or landscape.

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37. Q.187

    Even unpolluted rainwater is slightly acidic, with a pH of about 5.6, mainly because of dissolved

    1. A Sulphur dioxide forming sulphuric acid
    2. B Ammonia forming ammonium hydroxide
    3. C Ozone forming hydrogen peroxide
    4. D Carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid
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    Correct answer: (D) Carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid

    Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in raindrops to form weak carbonic acid, so normal rain has a pH of about 5.6. Rain is called acid rain when oxides of sulphur and nitrogen push its pH below this level.

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38. Q.188

    Which statement correctly distinguishes a national park from a wildlife sanctuary in India?

    1. A No human activity like grazing is allowed in a national park, but limited activities may be permitted in a sanctuary
    2. B A sanctuary is notified by the Centre while a national park is notified by the state
    3. C A national park protects only plants while a sanctuary protects only animals
    4. D A wildlife sanctuary has core, buffer and transition zones but a national park does not
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    Correct answer: (A) No human activity like grazing is allowed in a national park, but limited activities may be permitted in a sanctuary

    Both are notified by the state government under the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, but a national park has stricter protection: grazing, private rights and habitation are not allowed, whereas a sanctuary may permit some regulated activities.

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39. Q.189

    A species whose removal causes a disproportionately large change in the ecosystem relative to its abundance is called a

    1. A Flagship species
    2. B Keystone species
    3. C Umbrella species
    4. D Indicator species
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    Correct answer: (B) Keystone species

    A keystone species, a concept introduced by Robert Paine, holds the community structure together like the keystone of an arch. A flagship species is a popular face for conservation and need not have such an ecological role.

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40. Q.190

    Which is the only ape found in India, living in the forests of the North-East?

    1. A Lion-tailed macaque
    2. B Hoolock gibbon
    3. C Golden langur
    4. D Slow loris
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    Correct answer: (B) Hoolock gibbon

    Gibbons are apes and have no tail, unlike monkeys such as macaques and langurs; the hoolock gibbon lives in North-East India, for example in the Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary in Assam. The slow loris is a primate but not an ape.

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41. Q.191

    The Paris Agreement, adopted at COP-21 of the UNFCCC in December 2015, entered into force in

    1. A 2015
    2. B 2016
    3. C 2017
    4. D 2019
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    Correct answer: (B) 2016

    The Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, less than a year after its adoption, once at least 55 parties accounting for at least 55 percent of global emissions had ratified it. India ratified it on 2 October 2016.

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42. Q.192

    Standing freshwater bodies such as ponds, lakes and swamps are called

    1. A Lentic ecosystems
    2. B Lotic ecosystems
    3. C Estuarine ecosystems
    4. D Marine ecosystems
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    Correct answer: (A) Lentic ecosystems

    Lentic (from the Latin lentus, slow) refers to still water such as ponds and lakes, while lotic refers to flowing water such as rivers and streams.

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43. Q.193

    The mass of living material present at a particular trophic level at a given time is called the

    1. A Standing crop
    2. B Net primary productivity
    3. C Climax community
    4. D Carrying capacity
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    Correct answer: (A) Standing crop

    Standing crop is the living biomass (or number of organisms) at a trophic level at a particular time. Productivity, in contrast, is a rate of biomass production per unit area over a time period.

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44. Q.194

    Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notifications, which regulate construction and other activities along India's coast, are issued under the

    1. A Environment (Protection) Act 1986
    2. B Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
    3. C Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
    4. D Indian Forest Act 1927
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Environment (Protection) Act 1986

    The Central Government issues CRZ notifications, such as those of 1991, 2011 and 2019, using its powers under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986. The Environment Impact Assessment Notification 2006 was issued under the same Act.

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45. Q.195

    In a biosphere reserve, the outermost zone where human settlements, cultivation and other sustainable economic activities are carried out is called the

    1. A Core zone
    2. B Transition zone
    3. C Buffer zone
    4. D Critical zone
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    Correct answer: (B) Transition zone

    The core zone is strictly protected, the buffer zone around it allows research, education and limited low-impact use, and the outer transition zone is where local people carry out sustainable development.

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46. Q.196

    Acid rain corrodes marble monuments such as the Taj Mahal because the acid reacts with the ___ present in marble.

    1. A Silicon dioxide
    2. B Iron oxide
    3. C Calcium carbonate
    4. D Sodium chloride
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Calcium carbonate

    Marble is a form of calcium carbonate, which reacts with sulphuric and nitric acids to form soluble salts, pitting and yellowing the surface. This damage is popularly called 'marble cancer'.

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47. Q.197

    As water is a State subject, Parliament enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 after several State legislatures passed resolutions asking it to do so. This was done under

    1. A Article 249
    2. B Article 252
    3. C Article 253
    4. D Article 356
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Article 252

    Article 252 lets Parliament make a law on a State subject for two or more States that ask for it by resolution, and other States may adopt it later. The Air Act 1981 and the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, by contrast, rest on Article 253 to implement international decisions.

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48. Q.198

    The functional role of a species in its ecosystem, including what it eats, when it is active and how it interacts with other species, is called its

    1. A Habitat
    2. B Niche
    3. C Biome
    4. D Ecotone
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    Correct answer: (B) Niche

    The niche is the functional role or 'profession' of a species, while the habitat is the place or 'address' where it lives. Two species cannot occupy exactly the same niche for long (competitive exclusion).

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49. Q.199

    Excessive growth of algae in a lake caused by enrichment with nitrates and phosphates from sewage and fertiliser run-off is called

    1. A Biomagnification
    2. B Eutrophication
    3. C Thermal stratification
    4. D Sedimentation
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    Correct answer: (B) Eutrophication

    Eutrophication is nutrient enrichment that triggers an algal bloom; when the algae die and decay, dissolved oxygen falls and fish die. Biomagnification concerns toxins rising along a food chain.

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50. Q.200

    In 1730, Amrita Devi and other Bishnoi villagers sacrificed their lives to protect Khejri trees at Khejarli, a village near

    1. A Jodhpur, Rajasthan
    2. B Bikaner, Rajasthan
    3. C Bhuj, Gujarat
    4. D Hisar, Haryana
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Jodhpur, Rajasthan

    At Khejarli near Jodhpur, 363 Bishnois led by Amrita Devi died protecting Khejri trees from the Maharaja's men. The event inspired the Chipko movement, and India's Amrita Devi Bishnoi award for wildlife protection is named after her.

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