Pedagogy

CTET Social Studies (SST) MCQ with Answers, Paper 2

756 practice questions on Social Studies and its Pedagogy (Paper II) for CTET Paper II (Social Studies/Social Science), with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.

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1. Q.701

   At the end of a unit on the environment, a teacher lets students show their learning through a poster, a short skit, an oral presentation or a written report. The main reason for offering these choices is that:

   1. A Written reports are too difficult and time-consuming to mark for a large class
   2. B Learners differ in strengths, so varied modes give each a fair chance
   3. C Choices remove the need for any criteria to judge the work
   4. D Students should only do what they already do best
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) Learners differ in strengths, so varied modes give each a fair chance

   Multiple modes of expression make assessment more inclusive and valid for diverse learners. Each mode is still judged against clear criteria linked to the learning outcomes.

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2. Q.702

   Historians find that many early manuscripts have been lost, while a large number of inscriptions have survived. The most likely reason is that:

   1. A kings ordered all manuscripts to be burnt once the author had died, so only a few copies remained
   2. B inscriptions were on stone or metal, while palm leaf and birch bark decay or are eaten by insects
   3. C manuscripts were written in scripts that later scribes refused to copy or preserve
   4. D inscriptions were made much later, only after paper had become common across the subcontinent
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) inscriptions were on stone or metal, while palm leaf and birch bark decay or are eaten by insects

   Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal, so they last long. Manuscripts were usually written on palm leaf or birch bark; many were eaten by insects or destroyed, though many survive, often preserved in temples and monasteries.

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3. Q.703

   Students collect accounts of a great flood that struck their village about fifty years ago. Two elderly villagers give different years and details. The teacher should explain that:

   1. A Oral history is useless and should be dropped from the project
   2. B The older of the two villagers must surely be the one who remembers right
   3. C Memory can fade, so compare the accounts with each other and with records
   4. D The class should simply choose the more interesting of the two versions
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   Correct answer: (C) Memory can fade, so compare the accounts with each other and with records

   Oral accounts are valuable, especially for people who left no written records, but memory is selective and can change over time, so historians cross-check them with other accounts and documents.

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4. Q.704

   Consider the following statements about the Permanent Settlement in Bengal: 1. Rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars, who collected rent from the peasants and paid revenue to the Company. 2. Zamindars who failed to pay the revenue lost their zamindari. 3. It made the ryots the owners of the land and freed them from paying rent to the zamindars. Which of these are correct?

   1. A 1 and 2 only
   2. B 2 and 3 only
   3. C 1 and 3 only
   4. D 1, 2 and 3
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (A) 1 and 2 only

   Statements 1 and 2 are correct: many zamindaris that defaulted were sold off at auctions organised by the Company. Statement 3 is wrong; the ryots had to pay high rents to the zamindars and found the system extremely oppressive.

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5. Q.705

   Mushroom-shaped rocks are commonly seen in deserts. They are formed because:

   1. A glaciers deposit large boulders on top of narrow rocks
   2. B sea waves cut a notch at the base of coastal cliffs
   3. C winds erode the lower part of the rock more than the upper part
   4. D volcanic lava cools in the shape of an umbrella
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   Correct answer: (C) winds erode the lower part of the rock more than the upper part

   In deserts, sand-laden winds erode the lower section of a rock more than its upper part, leaving a narrow base and a wider top. Wind is the main agent of erosion and deposition in deserts.

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6. Q.706

   The Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the USA, which followed years of struggle by African-Americans, was important because it:

   1. A gave American women the right to vote in national elections for the first time
   2. B prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin
   3. C abolished slavery in all the southern states
   4. D made English the official language of the USA
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin

   The Civil Rights Act, 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. Women in the USA had won the vote in 1920, and slavery had been abolished in the 1860s.

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7. Q.707

   Indian Standard Time is the local time of the longitude 82½° E. By how much is Indian Standard Time ahead of Greenwich Mean Time?

   1. A 4 hours 30 minutes
   2. B 5 hours
   3. C 5 hours 30 minutes
   4. D 6 hours 30 minutes
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   Correct answer: (C) 5 hours 30 minutes

   The Earth turns 1° in 4 minutes, so 82½ × 4 minutes = 330 minutes, which is 5 hours 30 minutes. As India lies east of Greenwich, IST is ahead of GMT.

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8. Q.708

   Which of the following is an ARCHAEOLOGICAL source of history?

   1. A Accounts written by foreign travellers
   2. B Hymns of the Rigveda
   3. C Old newspapers kept in an archive
   4. D Pottery, tools, monuments and coins recovered from excavations
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Pottery, tools, monuments and coins recovered from excavations

   Archaeological sources are material remains obtained by excavation and survey: pottery, tools, buildings, coins, inscriptions. Travellers' accounts, Vedic texts and newspapers are literary or written sources.

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9. Q.709

   At Kartarpur on the river Ravi, Guru Nanak's followers, irrespective of their former creed, caste or gender, ate together in a common kitchen called the langar. This practice mainly expressed:

   1. A the authority of priests over worshippers
   2. B the equality of all followers
   3. C the rules of the royal court
   4. D a tax that every follower had to pay
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   Correct answer: (B) the equality of all followers

   Eating together in the langar, regardless of caste, creed or gender, put Guru Nanak's idea of equality into practice. His teachings are summed up as nam, dan and isnan: right worship, the welfare of others and purity of conduct.

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10. Q.710

    Consider these statements about NEP 2020. 1. It recommends experiential learning, including arts-integrated and story-telling-based pedagogy, as standard pedagogy within each subject. 2. It recommends a hard separation between curricular and extracurricular activities. Which is/are correct?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only 1

    NEP 2020 makes experiential learning, including hands-on, arts- and sports-integrated and story-telling-based pedagogy, standard within each subject, and it says there will be no hard separation among curricular, extracurricular and co-curricular areas.

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11. Q.711

    Assertion (A): Surat has been called the 'gate to Mecca'. Reason (R): The hundis of Surat's merchants were honoured in distant markets such as Cairo, Basra and Antwerp.

    1. A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. C A is true, but R is false
    4. D A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

    Both are true, but R does not explain A. Surat was called the gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from it; the wide acceptance of its hundis (notes recording a deposit) shows the reach of its bankers and merchants.

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12. Q.712

    NCERT's social science textbooks have questions, boxes and small activities placed within the text of each chapter. A teacher who wants to use them as NCF 2005 intends should:

    1. A Skip them, since they are not asked in examinations
    2. B Assign all of them as written homework once the whole chapter is over
    3. C Use them in class to start discussion and relate ideas to students' lives
    4. D Dictate model answers to all of them so that students can memorise these
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Use them in class to start discussion and relate ideas to students' lives

    In-text questions and boxes are meant to make children pause, think, discuss and relate the text to their own experience while learning. Skipping them or turning them into memorised answers defeats that purpose.

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13. Q.713

    Thorium, a fuel for producing nuclear power, is found in large quantities in the monazite sands of which Indian state?

    1. A Rajasthan
    2. B Kerala
    3. C Punjab
    4. D Uttarakhand
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    Correct answer: (B) Kerala

    Nuclear power is produced from uranium and thorium. Thorium occurs in large quantities in the monazite sands of Kerala, while uranium deposits are found in states such as Jharkhand and Rajasthan.

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14. Q.714

    Class 6 students first invent their own symbols for a sketch map of their locality, and then compare them with the conventional symbols used in their atlas. The comparison mainly helps them understand:

    1. A Why maps use agreed symbols that people everywhere can read
    2. B That maps do not really need any symbols
    3. C That every map-maker should invent and use his or her own symbols
    4. D That only colours, not symbols, belong on maps
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    Correct answer: (A) Why maps use agreed symbols that people everywhere can read

    When students find that classmates cannot read each other's private symbols, they see why maps use conventional symbols, with a key, that everyone understands.

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15. Q.715

    Which revenue officer supervises the work of the Patwaris, hears land disputes and ensures that land records are properly kept?

    1. A Sarpanch
    2. B Tehsildar
    3. C Ward councillor
    4. D Station House Officer
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    Correct answer: (B) Tehsildar

    The Tehsildar is a senior revenue officer who hears disputes, supervises the Patwaris and ensures that records are kept and land revenue is collected. People also go to the Tehsildar's office for documents such as caste certificates.

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16. Q.716

    A table in a Class 7 textbook gives figures from an earlier census. A student asks whether these figures are still true today. The most appropriate response of the teacher is to:

    1. A Say that textbook figures never change
    2. B Help them find newer data and discuss why the figures have changed
    3. C Tell the student such questions are outside the syllabus
    4. D Ask students to memorise the textbook figures carefully for the test
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    Correct answer: (B) Help them find newer data and discuss why the figures have changed

    Data in a textbook reflects the time when it was collected. Comparing it with newer data teaches students to check the date of information and to ask why it has changed.

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17. Q.717

    Khabar Lahriya, which NCERT describes as a fortnightly newspaper run by a group of Dalit women in Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh, was started in which local language of the area?

    1. A Bundeli
    2. B Braj Bhasha
    3. C Kannauji
    4. D Maithili
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    Correct answer: (A) Bundeli

    Khabar Lahriya was started in 2002 in Chitrakoot in Bundeli, the local language of the area, and reported on issues such as Dalit concerns, violence against women and political corruption. It later added editions in other dialects such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri and has since moved largely to digital news. It is an example of local media that ordinary people use to raise their concerns.

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18. Q.718

    Many Class 6 students keep making errors in giving directions on a map, such as mixing up north-east and north-west. Before planning remedial work, the teacher gives a short test designed to find exactly where their understanding breaks down. This test is:

    1. A Summative
    2. B Prognostic
    3. C Norm-referenced
    4. D Diagnostic
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    Correct answer: (D) Diagnostic

    A diagnostic test identifies the specific difficulties and misconceptions behind repeated errors so that remedial teaching can target them. A summative test judges achievement at the end of a unit.

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19. Q.719

    Match the policies with the Governors-General associated with them: A. Subsidiary alliance B. Doctrine of lapse C. Permanent Settlement; 1. Lord Cornwallis 2. Lord Dalhousie 3. Lord Wellesley

    1. A A-2, B-3, C-1
    2. B A-1, B-2, C-3
    3. C A-3, B-2, C-1
    4. D A-3, B-1, C-2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) A-3, B-2, C-1

    Wellesley pressed Indian rulers into subsidiary alliances, Dalhousie annexed states such as Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi under the doctrine of lapse, and Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793.

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20. Q.720

    In the early twentieth century, women in countries such as Britain and the USA campaigned for the right to vote. The women who campaigned for this right were called:

    1. A Abolitionists
    2. B Suffragettes
    3. C Chartists
    4. D Satyagrahis
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Suffragettes

    The movement for women's right to vote is called the suffrage movement, and its women campaigners were called suffragettes. Abolitionists campaigned against slavery, and the Chartists were a nineteenth-century British movement for working men's political rights.

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21. Q.721

    In a survey on sources of drinking water, students question only the families on their own street and then make claims about the whole town. The teacher should point out that:

    1. A Their conclusions must be correct for the whole town and the district too
    2. B Their sample may not represent the town, so their claims are limited
    3. C They should have questioned only the richest families
    4. D Surveys are not a proper method for social science
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Their sample may not represent the town, so their claims are limited

    Conclusions can only be as wide as the data behind them; a single street may differ from other parts of the town, so students must either widen the sample or limit their claims.

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22. Q.722

    Which two rivers of the Peninsular plateau flow westwards and drain into the Arabian Sea?

    1. A Mahanadi and Godavari
    2. B Narmada and Tapi
    3. C Krishna and Kaveri
    4. D Godavari and Krishna
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    Correct answer: (B) Narmada and Tapi

    The Narmada and the Tapi flow westwards through the region of the Vindhyas and the Satpuras and drain into the Arabian Sea. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.

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23. Q.723

    Over many generations, domesticated plants came to differ from wild ones, for example by having larger grains and stronger stalks. The main reason was that people:

    1. A chose and grew plants with the features they wanted
    2. B added chemical fertilisers to the soil every year
    3. C grew crops only on land irrigated by canals
    4. D brought new seeds from the Harappan cities
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    Correct answer: (A) chose and grew plants with the features they wanted

    Domestication is a process in which people select plants and animals with the features they want (such as large grains and strong stalks, or animals that are less fierce) and grow or rear them, so over time they become different from wild ones. Chemical fertilisers and canal irrigation are much later developments.

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24. Q.724

    During a lesson on the Gram Panchayat, a student asks, 'Why can't the Sarpanch take every decision alone?' Instead of answering at once, the teacher asks the class, 'What do the rest of you think?' This questioning technique is called:

    1. A Redirecting the question to the class
    2. B Asking a rhetorical question
    3. C Using a leading question
    4. D Asking a recall question
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Redirecting the question to the class

    Redirecting passes a student's question to the class so that peers think and build the answer together, which increases participation. A rhetorical question expects no answer, and a leading question hints at the expected answer.

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25. Q.725

    Place P is on 30° E longitude and place Q is on 45° W longitude. What is the difference between their local times?

    1. A 1 hour
    2. B 3 hours
    3. C 5 hours
    4. D 10 hours
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) 5 hours

    The places are on opposite sides of the Prime Meridian, so their longitudes are added: 30° + 45° = 75°. At 4 minutes per degree, 75 × 4 = 300 minutes, or 5 hours; subtracting the longitudes (15°, 1 hour) is a common error.

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26. Q.726

    Which of the following groups consists ONLY of non-conventional sources of energy?

    1. A Solar, wind and tidal energy
    2. B Coal, petroleum and natural gas
    3. C Firewood, coal and solar energy
    4. D Natural gas, wind and firewood
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    Correct answer: (A) Solar, wind and tidal energy

    Non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, tidal and geothermal energy and biogas are renewable and cause little pollution. Firewood and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are conventional sources.

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27. Q.727

    Consider these statements on the objectives of a secular State:

    1. Some members should not dominate other members of the same religious community.

    2. The State should neither enforce any religion nor take away individuals' religious freedom.

    3. The State should fund only the religion of the majority.

    Which of these are correct?

    1. A 1 only
    2. B 2 and 3 only
    3. C 1, 2 and 3
    4. D 1 and 2 only
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) 1 and 2 only

    A secular State aims to ensure that one religious community does not dominate another, that some members do not dominate others in the same community, and that the State neither enforces a religion nor takes away individuals' religious freedom. Favouring the majority religion would go against secularism.

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28. Q.728

    A Class 8 social science class includes a student with a hearing impairment. Which of the following is NOT a suitable strategy for the teacher?

    1. A Explaining important points while facing the blackboard
    2. B Seating the student where the teacher's face is clearly visible
    3. C Writing key words and instructions on the board or on cards
    4. D Using maps, pictures and captioned videos to support speech
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Explaining important points while facing the blackboard

    A student with a hearing impairment relies on lip-reading and visual cues, so speaking while facing the board cuts off access to the lesson. Clear sightlines, written key points and visual aids support inclusion.

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29. Q.729

    Which hill range, on the north-western margin of the Peninsular plateau of India, is one of the oldest mountain ranges of the world?

    1. A The Himalayas
    2. B The Aravali
    3. C The Shiwaliks
    4. D The Karakoram
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) The Aravali

    The Aravali hills, on the north-western side of the Peninsular plateau, are among the oldest ranges in the world and have been greatly worn down by erosion. The Himalayas, including the Shiwaliks, are young fold mountains.

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30. Q.730

    Bengal gradually broke away from Mughal control under Murshid Quli Khan. Which step did he take to reduce Mughal influence and strengthen his hold over the province's revenue?

    1. A He sent Mughal jagirdars to Orissa and had Bengal's revenues reassessed
    2. B He abolished the zamindars and gave the land directly to the peasants
    3. C He made Bengal's peasants serve the state by turns as unpaid paiks
    4. D He handed over the collection of Bengal's revenue to the East India Company
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) He sent Mughal jagirdars to Orissa and had Bengal's revenues reassessed

    Murshid Quli Khan transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa, ordered a major reassessment of Bengal's revenues, and had revenue collected in cash with great strictness from all zamindars. The paik system belonged to the Ahom state.

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31. Q.731

    In the project method, developed by William H. Kilpatrick, a follower of John Dewey, in which order do the following steps come?

    1. A Purposing, planning, executing, judging
    2. B Planning, purposing, judging, executing
    3. C Executing, planning, purposing, judging
    4. D Judging, purposing, executing, planning
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Purposing, planning, executing, judging

    In Kilpatrick's project method students first decide on a purpose, plan how to achieve it, carry out the plan and then evaluate (judge) the outcome. Some texts list six steps, adding 'providing a situation' at the start and 'recording' at the end, but these four always come in this order. The method applies Dewey's idea of learning by doing to purposeful, real-life tasks.

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32. Q.732

    Assertion (A): A teacher should not present a single textbook account as the final truth about the past. Reason (R): Textbooks are always wrong and should not be used for teaching.

    1. A Both A and R are true, and R explains A
    2. B Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
    3. C A is true, R is false
    4. D A is false, R is true
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) A is true, R is false

    The textbook is a valuable resource, but it is one account among many, and students should compare it with other sources. R is false: textbooks are not 'always wrong'.

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33. Q.733

    The Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple in his capital and filled it with prized statues seized from the rulers he had defeated. Historians see this mainly as a way of:

    1. A preserving art from all regions for the public, like a museum
    2. B displaying his power and his victories over rival kings
    3. C proving that the Chola kingdom had no sculptors of its own
    4. D merging the religions of the defeated kingdoms into one
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    Correct answer: (B) displaying his power and his victories over rival kings

    Kings built large temples to show their devotion, power and wealth, and placing statues seized from defeated rivals in a royal temple proclaimed victory over them. Because temples were symbols of a king's power, the temples of defeated rulers were often targeted.

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34. Q.734

    Compared with a flat map, a globe is the better teaching aid for showing:

    1. A The streets and lanes of a city
    2. B A model that is easy to carry in a book bag
    3. C The detailed layout of a single village
    4. D The true shape, relative size and position of continents and oceans, and the Earth's rotation
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) The true shape, relative size and position of continents and oceans, and the Earth's rotation

    A globe is a true model of the Earth and avoids the distortion of shape and area that every flat map projection introduces, so it is ideal for global concepts like rotation, latitude and continent positions. Maps are better for local detail.

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35. Q.735

    Assertion (A): Pictures and photographs in social science textbooks are important material for learning. Reason (R): They are included in textbooks only to make the books look attractive.

    1. A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. C A is true, but R is false
    4. D A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) A is true, but R is false

    A is true: visuals such as photographs, paintings and maps are sources to be observed, questioned and interpreted. R is false, because they are there for learning, not decoration.

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36. Q.736

    A teacher begins a unit on local government with a three-column chart: what students already Know, what they Want to know and, at the end, what they have Learned. This KWL chart mainly helps to:

    1. A Measure how fast students can read the textbook chapter
    2. B Replace class discussion with silent individual writing
    3. C Activate prior knowledge and let students track their own learning
    4. D Rank students according to the marks they score in the unit
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Activate prior knowledge and let students track their own learning

    The K column draws out what learners already know, the W column turns their curiosity into questions, and the L column makes them reflect on what they learned. It is a constructivist and metacognitive tool, not a ranking device.

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37. Q.737

    Assertion (A): The Tropic of Cancer passes through the southern tip of the Indian peninsula.

    Reason (R): The Tropic of Cancer lies at about 23½° N latitude.

    Choose the correct option.

    1. A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. C A is true, but R is false
    4. D A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) A is false, but R is true

    R is true, but A is false: the Tropic of Cancer (23°30' N) passes almost through the middle of India and divides the country into two nearly equal halves. The southern tip of the mainland lies at about 8° N.

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38. Q.738

    Goods in a weekly market (haat) are often cheaper than in permanent shops mainly because:

    1. A Sellers save on rent, electricity and wages as they have no permanent shops
    2. B The government fixes lower prices for all goods that are sold in weekly markets
    3. C Only old or damaged goods are sold in weekly markets
    4. D Buyers in weekly markets do not have to pay any taxes
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Sellers save on rent, electricity and wages as they have no permanent shops

    Weekly market traders set up stalls for the day and pack up in the evening, so they avoid rent, electricity bills and wages for hired help (family members often help). Many sellers offer the same goods, so competition and bargaining also keep prices low.

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39. Q.739

    A district has a population of 600,000 and an area of 1,500 square kilometres. What is its population density?

    1. A 40 persons per sq km
    2. B 2,500 persons per sq km
    3. C 400 persons per sq km
    4. D 4,000 persons per sq km
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) 400 persons per sq km

    Population density is the number of people living in a unit area, usually one square kilometre: 600,000 ÷ 1,500 = 400 persons per sq km.

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40. Q.740

    Assertion (A): All places located on the same meridian have the same local time.

    Reason (R): All meridians are of equal length.

    Choose the correct option.

    1. A Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. B Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
    3. C A is true, but R is false
    4. D A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

    Both statements are true, but places on one meridian share local time because, as the Earth rotates, they all face the Sun and have noon at the same moment. The equal length of meridians has nothing to do with time.

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41. Q.741

    Which Chola ruler raided the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia, developing a navy for these expeditions?

    1. A Vijayalaya
    2. B Rajaraja I
    3. C Rajendra I
    4. D Parantaka I
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Rajendra I

    Rajendra I continued the policies of his father Rajaraja I and raided the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia, building a navy for these expeditions. Vijayalaya, of the old Chola chiefly family of Uraiyur, had captured the Kaveri delta from the Muttaraiyar in the mid-ninth century.

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42. Q.742

    Match the layers of the atmosphere with their features:

    (a) Troposphere (b) Mesosphere (c) Thermosphere (d) Exosphere

    1. Meteorites burn up on entering from space

    2. Contains the ionosphere, which reflects radio waves

    3. Rainfall, fog and hailstorms occur here

    4. Uppermost layer, with very thin air

    1. A a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4
    2. B a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4
    3. C a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4
    4. D a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4

    Almost all weather (rain, fog, hailstorms) occurs in the troposphere; meteorites burn up in the mesosphere; the thermosphere contains the ionosphere, which reflects radio waves back to the Earth; and the exosphere, the outermost layer, has very thin air.

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43. Q.743

    Since the 1970s, the Trans-Amazon highway has opened up the rainforest to settlers and industries. What has been the most serious environmental result?

    1. A A large increase in the rainfall of the Amazon basin
    2. B The spread of coniferous forests into the basin
    3. C Large-scale deforestation and loss of plant and animal species
    4. D The change of the Amazon river's course to the Pacific
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Large-scale deforestation and loss of plant and animal species

    The highway made all parts of the rainforest accessible, and much of it has since been cleared for timber, farms, ranches and mines. This destroys the habitat of a very rich variety of plants and animals and leaves the topsoil open to being washed away by heavy rain.

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44. Q.744

    On a map with a scale of 1:200,000, two towns are 6 cm apart. What is the actual distance between them on the ground?

    1. A 1.2 km
    2. B 12 km
    3. C 120 km
    4. D 3 km
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    Correct answer: (B) 12 km

    1 cm on the map stands for 200,000 cm, that is 2 km, on the ground. So 6 cm stands for 6 × 2 = 12 km.

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45. Q.745

    NEP 2020 recommends a new holistic progress card for school students. Which feature does the policy describe for this card?

    1. A A report that shows only the marks scored in written examinations
    2. B A merit list that ranks every student against the rest of the class each term
    3. C A 360-degree, multidimensional report that includes self- and peer-assessment
    4. D A certificate that is issued only once, at the end of Class 8
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    Correct answer: (C) A 360-degree, multidimensional report that includes self- and peer-assessment

    NEP 2020 describes the progress card as a holistic, 360-degree, multidimensional report of progress in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains, including self-assessment, peer assessment and teacher assessment.

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46. Q.746

    To make it easier for poor people to approach the courts, the Supreme Court in the early 1980s decided that, under Public Interest Litigation:

    1. A only lawyers registered with a Bar Council could file such cases on behalf of the poor
    2. B cases had to be filed first in a district court
    3. C even a letter or telegram sent to the Supreme Court or a High Court could be a PIL
    4. D a fee had to be deposited before any case could be heard
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    Correct answer: (C) even a letter or telegram sent to the Supreme Court or a High Court could be a PIL

    To widen access to justice, the courts allowed a letter or telegram sent to the Supreme Court or a High Court to be treated as a PIL. This let individuals and organisations raise the cause of people whose rights were being violated without a formal petition.

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47. Q.747

    A Geographic Information System (GIS), increasingly used in geography teaching, is best described as:

    1. A A printed gazetteer of place names
    2. B A plastic globe with raised relief
    3. C A computer-based system that stores, analyses and displays location-based data in layers
    4. D A grid of latitudes and longitudes drawn on a wall map
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    Correct answer: (C) A computer-based system that stores, analyses and displays location-based data in layers

    GIS combines maps with databases, allowing layers such as rivers, roads, population and land use to be overlaid, queried and analysed. It is a digital tool, not a printed reference or physical model.

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48. Q.748

    Apart from the planets, the solar system has numerous tiny bodies called asteroids that also move around the Sun. Between the orbits of which two planets are most of them found?

    1. A Earth and Mars
    2. B Mars and Jupiter
    3. C Jupiter and Saturn
    4. D Venus and Earth
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    Correct answer: (B) Mars and Jupiter

    Most asteroids lie in a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They are far too small to be counted as planets.

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49. Q.749

    While teaching the Partition of 1947, a teacher uses memoirs and interviews of people from different communities and regions. The teacher is primarily promoting:

    1. A Rote learning of the events of Partition
    2. B A single official version of history
    3. C Understanding of multiple perspectives and the plurality of experiences
    4. D Competitive debate on who was responsible
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    Correct answer: (C) Understanding of multiple perspectives and the plurality of experiences

    NCF 2005 asks that social science present multiple perspectives, especially of marginalised groups, so that children appreciate plurality and learn to weigh different viewpoints rather than accept one narrative.

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50. Q.750

    Public Interest Litigation (PIL), developed by the Supreme Court in the early 1980s, allows:

    1. A Only the person directly affected to file a case, and that too only in a district court
    2. B Only lawyers to file cases against the government in any court
    3. C Courts to hear a case only after the police file a chargesheet
    4. D Anyone to move the High Court or Supreme Court for people whose rights are violated
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    Correct answer: (D) Anyone to move the High Court or Supreme Court for people whose rights are violated

    Through PIL, any individual or organisation can approach a High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of people whose rights are being violated, especially the poor; even a letter or telegram can be treated as a PIL. It has been used to free bonded labourers and to secure the release of prisoners in Bihar held beyond their sentence.

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