Reasoning

Syllogism: Practice Questions with Answers

115 practice questions on Syllogism, with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.

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1. Q.51

   Statements: Some drivers are not pilots. No pilots are sailors. Conclusions: I. Some drivers are sailors. II. All drivers are sailors. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

   Statements: Some drivers are not pilots. No pilots are sailors. Conclusion I (Some drivers are sailors) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All drivers are sailors) does not follow.

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2. Q.52

   Statements: Some soldiers are not officers. Some officers are not veterans. Conclusions: I. Some veterans are not soldiers. II. Some soldiers are veterans. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

   Statements: Some soldiers are not officers. Some officers are not veterans. Conclusion I (Some veterans are not soldiers) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some soldiers are veterans) does not follow.

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3. Q.53

   Statements: Some potters are blacksmiths. Some blacksmiths are artisans. Conclusions: I. All artisans are potters. II. No artisans are potters. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

   Statements: Some potters are blacksmiths. Some blacksmiths are artisans. Conclusion I (All artisans are potters) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No artisans are potters) does not follow.

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4. Q.54

   Statements: Some batsmen are bowlers. Some bowlers are captains. Conclusions: I. Some batsmen are captains. II. All batsmen are captains. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

   The bowlers who are captains and the bowlers who are batsmen could be entirely different, non-overlapping bowlers — nothing forces any overlap between batsmen and captains. Neither conclusion is forced (and II, claiming ALL batsmen are captains, is an even stronger, unsupported claim).

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5. Q.55

   Statements: All clocks are devices. All clocks are machines. Conclusions: I. Some devices are machines. II. All devices are machines. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Only conclusion I follows
   2. B Only conclusion II follows
   3. C Both conclusions follow
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

   Every clock is both a device and a machine, and, as these questions always assume, at least one clock exists - so that clock is a device which is a machine, and 'some devices are machines' (Conclusion I) follows. 'All devices are machines' (Conclusion II) is not forced: devices that are not clocks need not be machines at all.

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6. Q.56

   Statements: No birds are fish. No fish are reptiles. Conclusions: I. No birds are reptiles. II. Some birds are reptiles. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Either conclusion I or II follows
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (A) Either conclusion I or II follows

   Both birds and reptiles are merely excluded from being fish — this says nothing about whether birds and reptiles overlap with each other, so neither 'no birds are reptiles' nor 'some birds are reptiles' is forced on its own. But the two conclusions are exact complements with the same subject and predicate: either some bird is a reptile or no bird is, so one of them must be true. Hence either Conclusion I or II follows.

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7. Q.57

   Statements: All painters are sculptors. No sculptors are designers. Conclusions: I. Some designers are painters. II. Some designers are not painters. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (C) Only conclusion II follows

   Statements: All painters are sculptors. No sculptors are designers. Conclusion I (Some designers are painters) does not follow — in fact no painter can be a designer, since every painter is a sculptor and no sculptor is a designer. Conclusion II (Some designers are not painters) follows: no designer is a painter, and at least one designer exists (these questions assume every named category has members), so some designers are definitely not painters.

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8. Q.58

   Statements: All rulers are warriors. Some kings are rulers. Conclusions: I. All kings are warriors. II. Some kings are warriors. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Only conclusion I follows
   2. B Only conclusion II follows
   3. C Both conclusions follow
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

   The kings who are rulers are also warriors (since all rulers are warriors), so 'some kings are warriors' is forced. 'All kings are warriors' is too strong, since kings outside the ruler-overlap need not be warriors.

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9. Q.59

   Statements: All squares are triangles. All triangles are polygons. Conclusions: I. Some polygons are not squares. II. All squares are polygons. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

   1. A Both conclusions follow
   2. B Only conclusion I follows
   3. C Only conclusion II follows
   4. D Neither conclusion follows
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (C) Only conclusion II follows

   Statements: All squares are triangles. All triangles are polygons. Conclusion I (Some polygons are not squares) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All squares are polygons) follows.

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10. Q.60

    Statements: No swimmers are runners. All cyclists are runners. Conclusions: I. Some cyclists are not swimmers. II. No cyclists are swimmers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Both conclusions follow

    No swimmers are runners, and all cyclists are runners, so no cyclist can be a swimmer - Conclusion II follows. Conclusion I is the weaker claim that at least some cyclists are not swimmers: since no cyclist is a swimmer and, as these questions always assume, at least one cyclist exists, it follows as well. Both conclusions follow.

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11. Q.61

    Statements: All houses are buildings. Some apartments are buildings. Conclusions: I. Some apartments are houses. II. All apartments are houses. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    The apartments that are buildings need not be houses at all, so neither conclusion is forced by these statements.

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12. Q.62

    Statements: All butterflies are insects. Some insects are not plants. Conclusions: I. Some butterflies are not plants. II. No butterflies are plants. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    The insects that are not plants need not include any butterflies specifically, so neither conclusion about butterflies and plants is forced.

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13. Q.63

    Statements: No gadgets are accessories. No devices are accessories. Conclusions: I. No gadgets are devices. II. Some gadgets are devices. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Either conclusion I or II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Either conclusion I or II follows

    Two negative statements never force a valid conclusion about the two outer terms - gadgets and devices could overlap completely, partially, or not at all, so neither conclusion follows on its own. But the two conclusions are exact complements with the same subject and predicate: either some gadget is a device or no gadget is, so one of them must be true. Hence either Conclusion I or II follows.

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14. Q.64

    Statements: All pilots are graduates. All pilots are trainees. Conclusions: I. Some graduates are trainees. II. Some trainees are graduates. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Both conclusions follow

    Every pilot is both a graduate and a trainee, and these questions always assume that each category named has at least one member — so at least one pilot exists, and that pilot is a graduate who is a trainee. That proves 'some graduates are trainees' (Conclusion I) and, since 'some A are B' always converts to 'some B are A', 'some trainees are graduates' (Conclusion II) as well. Both conclusions follow.

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15. Q.65

    Statements: No tailors are weavers. Some weavers are not craftsmen. Conclusions: I. Some craftsmen are tailors. II. All craftsmen are tailors. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: No tailors are weavers. Some weavers are not craftsmen. Conclusion I (Some craftsmen are tailors) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All craftsmen are tailors) does not follow.

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16. Q.66

    Statements: Some comets are not asteroids. No asteroids are celestialbodies. Conclusions: I. Some comets are celestialbodies. II. Some celestialbodies are not comets. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: Some comets are not asteroids. No asteroids are celestialbodies. Conclusion I (Some comets are celestialbodies) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some celestialbodies are not comets) does not follow.

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17. Q.67

    Statements: Some scientists are researchers. All researchers are professors. Conclusions: I. Some scientists are professors. II. Some professors are scientists. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Both conclusions follow

    The scientists who are researchers are also professors, so 'some scientists are professors' is forced, and since this is a 'some...are' statement, it converts validly to 'some professors are scientists' too - both conclusions follow.

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18. Q.68

    Statements: Some teachers are coaches. Some coaches are athletes. Conclusions: I. Some teachers are athletes. II. All teachers are athletes. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Two particular ('some') statements never force a valid conclusion about the two outer terms, since the overlapping coaches in each statement need not be the same coaches - neither conclusion follows.

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19. Q.69

    Statements: Some farmers are fishermen. No fishermen are sailors. Conclusions: I. Some farmers are not sailors. II. No farmers are sailors. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion I follows

    The farmers who are fishermen cannot be sailors (since no fishermen are sailors) — so at least some farmers are definitely not sailors, which is Conclusion I. But this says nothing about the OTHER farmers (the ones who aren't fishermen), so the stronger, blanket claim 'no farmers are sailors' in Conclusion II isn't forced.

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20. Q.70

    Statements: No carpenters are plumbers. Some carpenters are electricians. Conclusions: I. All electricians are plumbers. II. Some electricians are not plumbers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

    Some carpenters are electricians, and no carpenters are plumbers, so the carpenters who are electricians cannot be plumbers - 'some electricians are not plumbers' (Conclusion II) is forced. 'All electricians are plumbers' is not just unforced but contradicted.

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21. Q.71

    Statements: All maples are oaks. No oaks are trees. Conclusions: I. No trees are maples. II. All maples are trees. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion I follows

    Statements: All maples are oaks. No oaks are trees. Conclusion I (No trees are maples) follows in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All maples are trees) does not follow.

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22. Q.72

    Statements: Some storms are clouds. No storms are winds. Conclusions: I. No clouds are winds. II. Some clouds are not winds. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

    The storms that are clouds cannot be winds (since no storms are winds), so 'some clouds are not winds' (Conclusion II) is forced. 'No clouds are winds' is too strong, since clouds outside the storm-overlap could still be winds.

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23. Q.73

    Statements: All rivers are streams. Some streams are channels. Conclusions: I. All channels are rivers. II. No rivers are channels. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: All rivers are streams. Some streams are channels. Conclusion I (All channels are rivers) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No rivers are channels) does not follow.

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24. Q.74

    Statements: Some farmers are not gardeners. All gardeners are cultivators. Conclusions: I. No cultivators are farmers. II. All farmers are cultivators. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: Some farmers are not gardeners. All gardeners are cultivators. Conclusion I (No cultivators are farmers) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All farmers are cultivators) does not follow.

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25. Q.75

    Statements: Some hills are valleys. All valleys are landforms. Conclusions: I. Some hills are landforms. II. Some landforms are not hills. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion I follows

    Statements: Some hills are valleys. All valleys are landforms. Conclusion I (Some hills are landforms) follows in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some landforms are not hills) does not follow.

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26. Q.76

    Statements: All cars are vehicles. Some vehicles are not bicycles. Conclusions: I. Some cars are not bicycles. II. Some vehicles are cars. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

    The vehicles that are not bicycles need not be cars at all, so 'some cars are not bicycles' (Conclusion I) is not forced - every car could be a bicycle. But every car is a vehicle and, as these questions always assume, at least one car exists, so at least one vehicle is a car - 'some vehicles are cars' (Conclusion II) follows.

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27. Q.77

    Statements: All markets are shops. Some shops are not stores. Conclusions: I. Some stores are not markets. II. No markets are stores. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: All markets are shops. Some shops are not stores. Conclusion I (Some stores are not markets) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No markets are stores) does not follow.

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28. Q.78

    Statements: Some poets are artists. No artists are musicians. Conclusions: I. Some poets are not musicians. II. All musicians are poets. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion I follows

    Statements: Some poets are artists. No artists are musicians. Conclusion I (Some poets are not musicians) follows in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All musicians are poets) does not follow.

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29. Q.79

    Statements: No apples are oranges. Some oranges are fruits. Conclusions: I. Some fruits are not apples. II. No apples are fruits. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    The fruits that are oranges can't be apples (since apples and oranges never overlap), so some fruits are not apples is forced. No apples are fruits is not forced, since apples could overlap fruits through some other path.

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30. Q.80

    Statements: Some doctors are engineers. No engineer is a teacher. Conclusions: I. Some doctors are not teachers. II. No doctor is a teacher. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    The doctors who are engineers can't be teachers (engineers and teachers never overlap), so some doctors are not teachers is forced. No doctor is a teacher is not forced, since non-engineer doctors could still be teachers.

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31. Q.81

    Statements: Some phones are laptops. All laptops are gadgets. Conclusions: I. No phones are gadgets. II. Some gadgets are phones. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Only conclusion II follows

    Statements: Some phones are laptops. All laptops are gadgets. Conclusion I (No phones are gadgets) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some gadgets are phones) follows.

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32. Q.82

    Statements: All teachers are readers. Some readers are writers. Conclusions: I. Some teachers are writers. II. Some writers are teachers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    The 'some readers are writers' link doesn't guarantee it involves any of the SAME readers who are teachers — the readers who are writers and the readers who are teachers could be entirely different, non-overlapping readers. Neither conclusion is forced.

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33. Q.83

    Statements: All clerks are typists. No typists are cashiers. Conclusions: I. No clerks are cashiers. II. Some clerks are not cashiers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Both conclusions follow

    Statements: All clerks are typists. No typists are cashiers. Conclusion I (No clerks are cashiers) follows in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some clerks are not cashiers) also follows: no clerk is a cashier and at least one clerk exists (these questions assume every named category has members), so at least some clerks are not cashiers. Both conclusions follow.

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34. Q.84

    Statements: All soldiers are officers. All officers are leaders. Conclusions: I. Some leaders are soldiers. II. All soldiers are leaders. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Both conclusions follow

    All soldiers are officers and all officers are leaders combine directly to give 'all soldiers are leaders' — Conclusion II follows. Conclusion I does not claim anything about ALL leaders, only that at least one leader is a soldier: every soldier is a leader and, as these questions always assume, at least one soldier exists, so that soldier is a leader who is a soldier — 'some leaders are soldiers' follows too. Both conclusions follow.

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35. Q.85

    Statements: Some rivers are not streams. Some streams are not channels. Conclusions: I. No rivers are channels. II. Some rivers are channels. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Either conclusion I or II follows
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Either conclusion I or II follows

    Statements: Some rivers are not streams. Some streams are not channels. Conclusion I (No rivers are channels) does not follow — a river could be a channel. Conclusion II (Some rivers are channels) does not follow either — rivers and channels could be completely separate. But the two conclusions share the same subject and predicate and are exact complements: either some river is a channel or no river is, so one of them must be true. Hence either Conclusion I or II follows.

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36. Q.86

    Statements: All potters are blacksmiths. Some blacksmiths are not artisans. Conclusions: I. Some artisans are potters. II. All artisans are potters. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: All potters are blacksmiths. Some blacksmiths are not artisans. Conclusion I (Some artisans are potters) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All artisans are potters) does not follow.

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37. Q.87

    Statements: All professionals are architects. All professionals are engineers. Conclusions: I. Some engineers are architects. II. All engineers are architects. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    Every professional is both an architect and an engineer, and, as these questions always assume, at least one professional exists - so that professional is an engineer who is an architect, and 'some engineers are architects' (Conclusion I) follows. 'All engineers are architects' (Conclusion II) is not forced: engineers who are not professionals need not be architects.

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38. Q.88

    Statements: Some lions are not tigers. Some tigers are not predators. Conclusions: I. Some lions are predators. II. Some predators are not lions. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: Some lions are not tigers. Some tigers are not predators. Conclusion I (Some lions are predators) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some predators are not lions) does not follow.

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39. Q.89

    Statements: Some shopkeepers are not traders. No traders are customers. Conclusions: I. Some shopkeepers are customers. II. Some shopkeepers are not customers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Either conclusion I or II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Either conclusion I or II follows

    The shopkeepers who are not traders could be customers or not - the statements don't fix their relationship to customers either way, so neither 'some shopkeepers are customers' nor 'some shopkeepers are not customers' follows on its own. But the two conclusions share the same subject and predicate and are complementary: every shopkeeper is either a customer or not, so at least one of the two must be true. Hence either Conclusion I or II follows.

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40. Q.90

    Statements: Some rivers are streams. Some streams are not channels. Conclusions: I. Some channels are rivers. II. No rivers are channels. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: Some rivers are streams. Some streams are not channels. Conclusion I (Some channels are rivers) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No rivers are channels) does not follow.

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41. Q.91

    Statements: All soldiers are guards. All warriors are guards. Conclusions: I. Some soldiers are warriors. II. Some warriors are soldiers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Both statements only place soldiers and warriors inside guards - they could be two completely separate groups of guards, so nothing forces any soldier to be a warrior. Neither 'some soldiers are warriors' nor 'some warriors are soldiers' follows.

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42. Q.92

    Statements: Some crates are not containers. All crates are boxes. Conclusions: I. Some boxes are not containers. II. No boxes are containers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    The crates that are not containers are also boxes (since all crates are boxes), so 'some boxes are not containers' is forced. 'No boxes are containers' is too strong, since other boxes (that are containers) could still exist.

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43. Q.93

    Statements: All maples are oaks. No oaks are trees. Conclusions: I. Some trees are maples. II. No trees are maples. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Only conclusion II follows

    Statements: All maples are oaks. No oaks are trees. Conclusion I (Some trees are maples) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No trees are maples) follows.

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44. Q.94

    Statements: No actors are directors. Some directors are not producers. Conclusions: I. Some actors are producers. II. No producers are actors. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Neither conclusion follows

    Statements: No actors are directors. Some directors are not producers. Conclusion I (Some actors are producers) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (No producers are actors) does not follow.

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45. Q.95

    Statements: No squares are triangles. Some triangles are polygons. Conclusions: I. Some squares are polygons. II. Some polygons are not squares. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Only conclusion II follows

    Statements: No squares are triangles. Some triangles are polygons. Conclusion I (Some squares are polygons) does not follow in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (Some polygons are not squares) follows.

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46. Q.96

    Statements: All books are novels. Some magazines are books. Conclusions: I. All magazines are novels. II. Some magazines are novels. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

    The magazines that are books are also novels (since all books are novels), so 'some magazines are novels' (Conclusion II) is forced. 'All magazines are novels' is too strong, since magazines outside the book-overlap need not be novels.

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47. Q.97

    Statements: Some students are not athletes. All musicians are athletes. Conclusions: I. Some students are not musicians. II. No students are musicians. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    The students who are not athletes cannot be musicians either (since all musicians are athletes), so 'some students are not musicians' is forced. 'No student is a musician' is too strong, since other students (who are athletes) could still be musicians.

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48. Q.98

    Statements: All cats are dogs. All dogs are cows. Conclusions: I. All cats are cows. II. All cows are cats. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
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    Correct answer: (A) Only conclusion I follows

    All cats are dogs and all dogs are cows combine transitively, so all cats are cows is forced. All cows are cats is not forced, since the cow-circle could easily be bigger than the dog/cat circles.

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49. Q.99

    Statements: Some painters are musicians. All musicians are dancers. Conclusions: I. All painters are dancers. II. Some painters are dancers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Only conclusion I follows
    2. B Only conclusion II follows
    3. C Both conclusions follow
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
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    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion II follows

    The painters who are musicians are also dancers (since all musicians are dancers), so 'some painters are dancers' is forced. 'All painters are dancers' is too strong, since painters outside the musician-overlap need not be dancers.

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50. Q.100

    Statements: All lawyers are judges. No judges are advocates. Conclusions: I. No lawyers are advocates. II. All advocates are lawyers. Which of the conclusions logically follow?

    1. A Both conclusions follow
    2. B Only conclusion I follows
    3. C Only conclusion II follows
    4. D Neither conclusion follows
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    Correct answer: (B) Only conclusion I follows

    Statements: All lawyers are judges. No judges are advocates. Conclusion I (No lawyers are advocates) follows in every valid diagram consistent with the statements. Conclusion II (All advocates are lawyers) does not follow.

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