Pedagogy

CTET Child Development and Pedagogy (CDP) MCQ with Answers

298 practice questions on Child Development and Pedagogy for CTET Paper I and Paper II, with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.

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1. Q.1

   Asked why he helps a classmate with homework, Arjun says, 'Because then he will lend me his cricket bat.' Kohlberg would place this reasoning at the

   1. A Conventional level, good boy-good girl orientation (Stage 3)
   2. B Conventional level, law and order orientation (Stage 4)
   3. C Post-conventional level, social contract orientation (Stage 5)
   4. D Pre-conventional level, instrumental exchange (Stage 2)
   Show answer

   Correct answer: (D) Pre-conventional level, instrumental exchange (Stage 2)

   At Stage 2, right action is whatever serves one's own interest through a fair exchange: 'you help me, I help you'. Helping in order to win approval would be Stage 3.

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2. Q.2

   A 6-year-old says that a boy who stole mangoes fell off his bicycle on the way home 'because he was punished for stealing'. Piaget called this belief, that wrongdoing is automatically followed by punishment,

   1. A Reciprocal justice
   2. B Immanent justice
   3. C Animism
   4. D Conservation
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   Correct answer: (B) Immanent justice

   Belief in immanent justice, that punishment follows wrongdoing automatically through nature or objects, is a feature of Piaget's heteronomous stage. Older children in the autonomous stage understand that misdeeds are punished only if someone finds out and acts.

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3. Q.3

   The term 'kindergarten' (children's garden) and the use of 'gifts and occupations' for early education were introduced by

   1. A Pestalozzi
   2. B Dewey
   3. C Montessori
   4. D Froebel
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   Correct answer: (D) Froebel

   Froebel founded the first kindergarten in Germany in 1837 and used structured play materials called gifts and activities called occupations.

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4. Q.4

   John Dewey wrote that education is 'a process of living and not a preparation for future living'. This implies that schools should

   1. A Prepare children mainly for future adult roles and examinations
   2. B Postpone practical activities until adulthood
   3. C Connect learning with children's present experiences and real activities
   4. D Teach traditional subjects without reference to everyday life
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   Correct answer: (C) Connect learning with children's present experiences and real activities

   Dewey wanted school to offer real, present experience rather than serve as a waiting room for adult life. Learning through meaningful activities connected to children's lives follows from this view.

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5. Q.5

   Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) is 'comprehensive' because it

   1. A Covers both scholastic and co-scholastic areas of development
   2. B Tests the entire textbook in one examination at the end of the year
   3. C Is conducted only by external examiners to ensure objectivity
   4. D Uses only written tests
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   Correct answer: (A) Covers both scholastic and co-scholastic areas of development

   'Continuous' refers to assessment spread over the year; 'comprehensive' refers to covering scholastic (subjects) and co-scholastic (attitudes, values, skills, health) areas.

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6. Q.6

   Two 3-year-olds sit side by side, each building his own tower with similar blocks. They glance at each other but do not share or play together. Mildred Parten called this

   1. A Cooperative play
   2. B Parallel play
   3. C Associative play
   4. D Onlooker play
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   Correct answer: (B) Parallel play

   In parallel play children play next to each other with similar materials but without real interaction, a common pattern in the early years. In associative play they share materials and talk, and in cooperative play they organise themselves around a shared goal.

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7. Q.7

   A Class 4 child has often been absent and seems tired in class. A teacher who applies Bronfenbrenner's ecological model to understand this would most likely

   1. A Treat the absence purely as the child's own laziness and give him a strict warning in front of the class
   2. B Look beyond the child to the family, community and wider circumstances, and work with them
   3. C Look only at the child's test scores to find the cause
   4. D Conclude that the child has inherited a weak constitution from his parents and nothing can be done
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   Correct answer: (B) Look beyond the child to the family, community and wider circumstances, and work with them

   The ecological model reminds teachers that a child's behaviour is shaped by many interacting settings, such as family work patterns, health, poverty and community events, so understanding and support must reach beyond the classroom. Blaming the child alone ignores these influences.

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8. Q.8

   Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

   1. A Moral reasoning does not always predict actual moral behaviour
   2. B Its highest stages reflect Western, individualistic values
   3. C Its dilemmas are hypothetical and remote from children's daily lives
   4. D It studies only moral behaviour and ignores moral reasoning
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   Correct answer: (D) It studies only moral behaviour and ignores moral reasoning

   Kohlberg's theory is about moral reasoning, not behaviour; in fact one criticism is that reasoning and behaviour often do not match. Cultural bias and the use of hypothetical dilemmas are standard criticisms.

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9. Q.9

   Which of the following questions is most likely to promote critical thinking in students?

   1. A In which year did the Battle of Plassey take place, and who commanded the British army?
   2. B What is the capital of Rajasthan?
   3. C What might have happened if the British had lost the Battle of Plassey? Give reasons.
   4. D Define photosynthesis and name the gas that plants release during it.
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   Correct answer: (C) What might have happened if the British had lost the Battle of Plassey? Give reasons.

   Open-ended 'what if' and 'why' questions require analysis, evaluation and justification; the other options demand only recall.

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10. Q.10

    A four-year-old covers her own eyes and believes that others cannot see her. This behaviour illustrates Piaget's concept of

    1. A Egocentrism
    2. B Reversibility of thought
    3. C Equilibration
    4. D Classification
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    Correct answer: (A) Egocentrism

    Egocentrism in the pre-operational stage means the child cannot take another person's perspective and assumes everyone sees what she sees.

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11. Q.11

    Which of the following is the best example of a competency-based assessment question for Class 5?

    1. A 'You must reach the station by 10:30. Which bus in this timetable should you take, and why?'
    2. B 'Write the multiplication table of 12.'
    3. C 'Define time.'
    4. D 'How many minutes make one hour, how many hours make one day and how many days make one week?'
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) 'You must reach the station by 10:30. Which bus in this timetable should you take, and why?'

    Competency-based assessment, which NEP 2020 emphasises, checks whether children can apply what they have learnt in real-life situations. The other questions test only recall.

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12. Q.12

    The ability to generate many different, unusual answers to a question such as 'list all the uses of a brick' is called

    1. A Divergent thinking
    2. B Convergent thinking
    3. C Rote recall
    4. D Deductive reasoning
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    Correct answer: (A) Divergent thinking

    Divergent thinking (Guilford) is the core of creativity; Torrance's tests measure it through fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. Convergent thinking seeks the one right answer.

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13. Q.13

    Which of the following tasks best treats children as problem solvers and investigators?

    1. A 'Find out which of three wet cloths dries fastest: plan a test, try it and explain the result.'
    2. B 'Copy the definition of evaporation from the board and learn it by heart for the test.'
    3. C 'Read the evaporation chapter carefully, underline key lines and copy them in your notebook.'
    4. D 'Write the names of three kinds of cloth.'
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) 'Find out which of three wet cloths dries fastest: plan a test, try it and explain the result.'

    An investigation asks children to plan, predict, test and explain, which is how they build scientific understanding. The other tasks require only copying or recall.

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14. Q.14

    Consider the statements: 1. Kohlberg held that people move through his stages in a fixed order without skipping any. 2. Kohlberg found that most adults reach Stage 6, reasoning by universal ethical principles. Which of these is/are correct?

    1. A Only 2
    2. B Only 1
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
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    Correct answer: (B) Only 1

    Kohlberg's stages form an invariant sequence. Stage 6 reasoning proved rare; most adolescents and adults reason at the conventional level (Stages 3 and 4).

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15. Q.15

    A student helps a classmate mainly because she wants her teacher and friends to think she is a good person. This is Kohlberg's

    1. A Stage 1: punishment and obedience (avoiding punishment)
    2. B Stage 3: interpersonal conformity (good boy-nice girl)
    3. C Stage 5: social contract
    4. D Stage 2: instrumental exchange (you help me, I help you)
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    Correct answer: (B) Stage 3: interpersonal conformity (good boy-nice girl)

    Stage 3 (conventional level) is oriented towards earning approval and living up to others' expectations of a 'good' person.

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16. Q.16

    A child says, 'Ice melts faster in the sun.' The teacher asks, 'Why do you think so? What would happen if we wrapped one ice cube in a cloth and kept it in the sun too?' These follow-up questions are

    1. A Leading questions that clearly hint at the expected correct answer the teacher has in mind
    2. B Rhetorical questions that need no answer, because the answer is implied in the question
    3. C Recall questions that test memory
    4. D Probing questions that push the child to explain and extend his thinking
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    Correct answer: (D) Probing questions that push the child to explain and extend his thinking

    Probing questions ask for reasons, evidence and predictions, deepening understanding and critical thinking. A leading question hints at the answer, for example 'Ice melts faster in the sun, doesn't it?'

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17. Q.17

    When students are asked to recall a long list of words they heard once, they usually remember the words at the beginning and the end of the list better than those in the middle. This is called the

    1. A Serial position effect
    2. B Zeigarnik effect (better memory for unfinished tasks)
    3. C Learning plateau
    4. D Halo effect
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    Correct answer: (A) Serial position effect

    The serial position effect combines a primacy effect (early items get more rehearsal) and a recency effect (the last items are still in short-term memory). Teachers can use it by placing key points at the start of a lesson and summing up at the end.

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18. Q.18

    'Assessment for learning' is best described as

    1. A A final examination at the end of the year that certifies what has been achieved
    2. B Ongoing assessment whose results are used to improve teaching and learning
    3. C Ranking children on the basis of their test marks to make them compete harder
    4. D A test conducted by an external board
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    Correct answer: (B) Ongoing assessment whose results are used to improve teaching and learning

    Assessment for learning is formative: evidence of learning is used by teacher and student to adjust teaching. Assessment of learning is summative and certifying.

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19. Q.19

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of assessment for learning?

    1. A Sharing learning goals and success criteria with children
    2. B Giving specific feedback on how to improve
    3. C Actively involving children in self- and peer-assessment
    4. D Comparing and ranking children by their marks
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    Correct answer: (D) Comparing and ranking children by their marks

    Assessment for learning makes goals clear, gives feedback for improvement and involves learners in judging their own work. Ranking by marks only compares children with one another and does not help them learn.

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20. Q.20

    Which of the following is a projective technique for assessing personality?

    1. A Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
    2. B Raven's Progressive Matrices
    3. C Rorschach inkblot test
    4. D A multiple-choice achievement test
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    Correct answer: (C) Rorschach inkblot test

    Projective techniques present ambiguous material, such as inkblots or pictures, on the assumption that people project their own feelings and motives into their responses; the Thematic Apperception Test is another example. The Stanford-Binet and Raven's tests measure intelligence, not personality.

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21. Q.21

    A student who learnt Hindi earlier finds it difficult to recall newly learnt Sanskrit forms because the old learning interferes. This is

    1. A Proactive interference
    2. B Retroactive interference
    3. C Positive transfer
    4. D Repression
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    Correct answer: (A) Proactive interference

    Proactive interference is old learning disrupting recall of new learning; retroactive interference is new learning disrupting recall of old.

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22. Q.22

    A 9-year-old quickly arranges ten sticks in order from shortest to longest. Piaget calls this ability ___, and it is a feature of the ___ stage.

    1. A Conservation; concrete operational
    2. B Animism; pre-operational
    3. C Seriation; formal operational
    4. D Seriation; concrete operational
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    Correct answer: (D) Seriation; concrete operational

    Seriation, ordering objects along a dimension such as length, is mastered in the concrete operational stage (about 7-11 years) along with classification and conservation. It does not need the abstract reasoning of the formal operational stage.

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23. Q.23

    According to Vygotsky, the gap between what a child can do independently and what she can do with guidance from a more capable person is called the

    1. A Zone of Proximal Development
    2. B Schema
    3. C Critical period
    4. D Latent learning
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    Correct answer: (A) Zone of Proximal Development

    The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's central concept; teaching is most effective when aimed within this zone.

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24. Q.24

    A school wants to identify gifted and creative learners in Class 6 so that it can offer them suitable challenges. The most appropriate approach is to

    1. A Select only the students who score above a fixed cut-off on a single IQ test, since IQ alone predicts giftedness
    2. B Use several sources, such as teacher observation, work samples, creative tasks and interests, not IQ alone
    3. C Select the students who top the annual examination
    4. D Ask parents to nominate their own children
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    Correct answer: (B) Use several sources, such as teacher observation, work samples, creative tasks and interests, not IQ alone

    Giftedness and creativity show up in many forms that a single test score or examination rank can miss, especially among children from disadvantaged or other-language backgrounds. Using several sources of evidence gives a fairer, fuller picture.

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25. Q.25

    A usually cheerful Class 6 student has become withdrawn and her marks have fallen sharply since a crisis in her family. The teacher should

    1. A Warn her that her falling marks will be reported to her parents at once unless she improves by the next test
    2. B Seat her separately so that she does not disturb others
    3. C Ignore it, as solving students' personal and family problems is no part of the school's or the teacher's job
    4. D Talk to her privately and with care, offer support and involve parents or a counsellor if needed
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Talk to her privately and with care, offer support and involve parents or a counsellor if needed

    Emotional distress directly affects concentration and learning; a caring private conversation and support address the cause. Warnings or isolation only add to the stress.

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26. Q.26

    Consider the statements. 1. Curiosity is a natural source of intrinsic motivation in children. 2. Opening a lesson with a puzzling question or a surprising event can arouse curiosity. Which is correct?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
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    Correct answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

    Children are naturally curious, and a puzzle or surprise creates the urge to find out. Teachers can tap this curiosity to make learning self-motivated.

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27. Q.27

    Which of the following classroom practices is LEAST likely to support children's emotional development?

    1. A Laughing at a child's mistakes to keep the class lively
    2. B Holding a short daily circle time in which children can share how they feel
    3. C Teaching children words to name different feelings, such as anger and fear
    4. D Modelling calm ways of settling a disagreement
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    Correct answer: (A) Laughing at a child's mistakes to keep the class lively

    Ridicule makes children feel unsafe and ashamed, which harms both their emotional well-being and their willingness to take risks in learning. Circle time, a vocabulary for feelings and adult modelling all help children understand and manage emotions.

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28. Q.28

    Consider the statements about Erikson's theory: 1. Each stage presents a crisis between two opposite tendencies, such as industry and inferiority. 2. A crisis that is not resolved at its own stage can never be dealt with later in life. Which of these is/are correct?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
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    Correct answer: (A) Only 1

    Erikson described each stage as a tension between a positive and a negative pole. He did not see the stages as sealed off: an unresolved crisis leaves a weakness that affects later stages, but it can be reworked later through new relationships and experiences, so statement 2 is wrong.

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29. Q.29

    Which statement correctly reflects Vygotsky's view of the relationship between learning and development?

    1. A Good learning runs ahead of development and pulls it forward
    2. B Development must be complete before learning can take place
    3. C Learning and development are exactly the same process
    4. D Learning has no effect on the course of development
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    Correct answer: (A) Good learning runs ahead of development and pulls it forward

    For Vygotsky, instruction aimed at the zone of proximal development awakens processes that are still maturing, so learning leads development. The view that learning must wait for development is closer to Piaget, who held that learning is subordinate to development.

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30. Q.30

    A quiet, introverted Class 6 student rarely speaks in whole-class discussions but writes thoughtful answers. The most suitable response of the teacher is to

    1. A Lower her marks for not speaking until she becomes more outgoing like the other students
    2. B Make her answer first in every whole-class discussion so that she is forced to overcome her shyness
    3. C Conclude that she has not understood the lessons
    4. D Offer other ways to take part, like pair work and written replies, and build confidence gradually
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Offer other ways to take part, like pair work and written replies, and build confidence gradually

    Introversion is a personality difference, not a deficit; giving several ways to participate respects it while gently widening her comfort zone. Penalising her or forcing her into the spotlight is likely to increase anxiety, and her written work already shows understanding.

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31. Q.31

    A short introduction given before a new lesson, which links the new material to ideas the learners already know, was called an 'advance organiser' by

    1. A David Ausubel
    2. B Edward Tolman
    3. C Robert Gagne
    4. D Edward Thorndike
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    Correct answer: (A) David Ausubel

    Ausubel held that learning is meaningful when new information is anchored to relevant ideas already in the learner's mind, and advance organisers provide that anchor. Tolman is known for cognitive maps and latent learning.

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32. Q.32

    Carol Gilligan criticised Kohlberg's theory mainly because it

    1. A Gave too much importance to emotions and too little to logic in moral judgement
    2. B Was based on observations of infants
    3. C Drew mainly on male participants and undervalued an ethic of care
    4. D Ignored the role of reasoning in morality
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    Correct answer: (C) Drew mainly on male participants and undervalued an ethic of care

    Kohlberg's original study used only boys, and Gilligan argued that his justice-based scale placed a care-based morality, focused on relationships and responsibility, at a lower level. She proposed an 'ethic of care' alongside the ethic of justice.

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33. Q.33

    Under Section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act 2009, private unaided schools must admit children from disadvantaged groups and weaker sections to the extent of at least

    1. A 10 per cent of the entry class
    2. B 15 per cent of the entry class
    3. C 25 per cent of the entry class
    4. D 50 per cent of the entry class
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    Correct answer: (C) 25 per cent of the entry class

    The Act requires at least 25 per cent of seats in the entry-level class of private unaided schools to be reserved for such children, with the state reimbursing the expenditure.

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34. Q.34

    A 5-year-old in a pre-primary class keeps starting new activities and asking questions, and the teacher often scolds him for being a nuisance. According to Erikson, repeated scolding of this kind puts the child at risk of developing

    1. A A sense of inferiority instead of industry
    2. B A sense of guilt instead of initiative
    3. C Role confusion instead of a sense of identity
    4. D Mistrust instead of basic trust
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    Correct answer: (B) A sense of guilt instead of initiative

    Initiative vs guilt is Erikson's crisis of the pre-school years: children who are encouraged to plan and explore gain initiative, while those made to feel that their efforts are wrong feel guilty. Industry vs inferiority is the crisis of the primary-school years that follow.

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35. Q.35

    Match the theorist with the concept: (A) Thorndike, (B) Pavlov, (C) Skinner, (D) Bandura. 1. Modelling, 2. Law of readiness, 3. Shaping, 4. Conditioned reflex.

    1. A A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
    2. B A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
    3. C A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
    4. D A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
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    Correct answer: (D) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1

    Thorndike gave the laws of readiness, exercise and effect; Pavlov studied the conditioned reflex; Skinner developed shaping within operant conditioning; and Bandura showed learning by observing models.

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36. Q.36

    Modern intelligence tests such as the Wechsler scales report a 'deviation IQ' instead of the ratio IQ (mental age / chronological age x 100) mainly because

    1. A Ratio IQ gives the same score to everyone
    2. B Deviation IQ also measures emotional ability, which ratio IQ omits
    3. C Deviation IQ does not need any norms
    4. D Ratio IQ fails for adults; deviation IQ compares with same-age peers
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    Correct answer: (D) Ratio IQ fails for adults; deviation IQ compares with same-age peers

    Mental age stops rising in late adolescence, so dividing it by an ever-increasing chronological age would make adult IQs fall. Deviation IQ places a score on the normal distribution of same-age peers, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 on the Wechsler scales.

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37. Q.37

    Graham Wallas described four stages of the creative process. Which is the correct order?

    1. A Incubation, preparation, verification, illumination
    2. B Preparation, illumination, incubation, verification
    3. C Preparation, incubation, illumination, verification
    4. D Illumination, preparation, incubation, verification
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

    The creative person first gathers knowledge and works on the problem (preparation), then sets it aside while ideas develop below awareness (incubation); a solution then appears suddenly (illumination) and is finally checked and refined (verification). Teachers can allow time for incubation instead of demanding instant answers.

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38. Q.38

    A teacher forms heterogeneous groups of four in which each member has a role and the group's success depends on every member's contribution. This is

    1. A Cooperative learning
    2. B Competitive learning
    3. C Individualised instruction
    4. D Lecture-demonstration
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    Correct answer: (A) Cooperative learning

    Cooperative learning uses positive interdependence, individual accountability and heterogeneous grouping; it improves achievement and social skills.

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39. Q.39

    A child who was repeatedly humiliated in mathematics class now feels anxious as soon as she sees the mathematics textbook. Her anxiety is best explained by

    1. A Operant conditioning (Skinner)
    2. B Insight learning
    3. C Latent learning
    4. D Classical conditioning
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    Correct answer: (D) Classical conditioning

    The textbook, once a neutral stimulus, was repeatedly paired with humiliation, so it now triggers anxiety by itself - classical conditioning of an emotion. Teachers should make sure learning is associated with safety and success.

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40. Q.40

    In Pavlov's experiment, the bell that initially produced no salivation but did so after being paired with food became a

    1. A Unconditioned stimulus
    2. B Reinforcer
    3. C Unconditioned response
    4. D Conditioned stimulus
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    Correct answer: (D) Conditioned stimulus

    The food is the unconditioned stimulus and salivation to food the unconditioned response; after pairing, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response.

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41. Q.41

    Some children in Class 4 tease a classmate for wearing a symbol of his religion. The most appropriate action for the teacher is to

    1. A Ask the child to avoid wearing the symbol to school so that the teasing stops
    2. B Ignore it, as children usually settle such matters among themselves
    3. C Stop the teasing and help the class respect different faiths
    4. D Punish the whole class without explanation
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Stop the teasing and help the class respect different faiths

    Religion is part of many children's identities; the teacher must protect the child and use the incident to build respect for differences. Asking the child to give up the symbol puts the burden on the one being teased.

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42. Q.42

    A 14-year-old can systematically test all possible combinations to solve a chemistry problem and reason about hypothetical situations. Piaget places this ability in the

    1. A Sensorimotor stage
    2. B Pre-operational stage
    3. C Concrete operational stage
    4. D Formal operational stage
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    Correct answer: (D) Formal operational stage

    Hypothetico-deductive and abstract reasoning characterise the formal operational stage (11 years onwards).

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43. Q.43

    During a lesson a child asks a question that the teacher cannot answer. The best response is to

    1. A Appreciate the question and find out the answer together with the children
    2. B Tell the child that the question is not in the syllabus and will not come in the exam
    3. C Give a vague answer so as not to lose face
    4. D Ask the child not to ask difficult questions in class and to stick to the textbook
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) Appreciate the question and find out the answer together with the children

    Children's questions show curiosity and should be welcomed; admitting not knowing and finding out together shows children how learning works. Discouraging questions shuts down inquiry.

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44. Q.44

    Children are restless and inattentive in the last period after lunch. Which response is NOT appropriate?

    1. A Varying activities and including some physical movement
    2. B Giving a long lecture to finish the syllabus quickly
    3. C Keeping tasks short and engaging
    4. D Using small-group activities that involve everyone
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    Correct answer: (B) Giving a long lecture to finish the syllabus quickly

    Fatigue and attention span are personal factors that change through the day, so varied, active and short tasks help children re-engage. A long lecture ignores the cause of the restlessness.

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45. Q.45

    Consider the statements: 1. Environmental influences on a child begin only after birth. 2. A child's heredity is fixed at conception through genes received from both parents. Which of these is/are correct?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
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    Correct answer: (B) Only 2

    Heredity is transmitted through genes at conception. The environment acts from conception itself: the mother's nutrition, health and exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy shape development, so statement 1 is wrong.

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46. Q.46

    When the task is made familiar and meaningful, for example hiding a doll from toy policemen instead of choosing the picture that shows a doll's view of three model mountains, many 4-year-olds can take another person's viewpoint. This finding mainly challenges Piaget's claim about

    1. A Egocentrism in the pre-operational stage
    2. B Object permanence in infancy (sensorimotor stage)
    3. C Abstract reasoning in adolescence
    4. D Seriation ability in the concrete operational stage
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    Correct answer: (A) Egocentrism in the pre-operational stage

    From the three-mountains task Piaget concluded that pre-operational children cannot take another's perspective. Studies using familiar, sensible tasks, such as Hughes's policeman task, show that young children often can, suggesting that Piaget underestimated them.

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47. Q.47

    'Laws can be changed if they violate basic human rights, so sometimes it is right to disobey an unjust law.' This reasoning corresponds to Kohlberg's

    1. A Pre-conventional level
    2. B Stage 4: law and order orientation
    3. C Post-conventional level
    4. D Stage 2: self-interest orientation
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    Correct answer: (C) Post-conventional level

    Post-conventional reasoning (stages 5 and 6) judges actions by social contract and universal ethical principles rather than by fixed laws or authority.

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48. Q.48

    Most children in a class predict that a heavy wooden log will sink and a small iron nail will float. The teacher shows the log floating and the nail sinking, and asks them to explain. In Piaget's terms, the teacher is

    1. A Using negative reinforcement to make the children give the correct answer next time
    2. B Testing whether the children remember the floating rule taught in an earlier lesson
    3. C Creating disequilibrium (cognitive conflict) so children revise their schemas
    4. D Applying classical conditioning
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    Correct answer: (C) Creating disequilibrium (cognitive conflict) so children revise their schemas

    When an observation contradicts a child's existing idea, it creates disequilibrium; resolving it through accommodation restores equilibrium at a higher level. Piaget saw this equilibration as the driving force of cognitive growth.

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49. Q.49

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between growth and development?

    1. A Growth and development are synonyms and can be used interchangeably
    2. B Growth is qualitative and lifelong while development is quantitative and stops once physical maturity is reached
    3. C Growth is quantitative change in size and is one part of development, which is qualitative and lifelong
    4. D Development refers only to physical changes such as height, and growth only to mental changes such as reasoning
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    Correct answer: (C) Growth is quantitative change in size and is one part of development, which is qualitative and lifelong

    Growth is measurable physical increase (height, weight) that ceases at maturity; development is broader, qualitative, continuous and includes growth. The two are related but not synonyms.

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50. Q.50

    In the name of CCE, a school gives children a written test in every subject every week and records the marks. This practice

    1. A Misreads CCE, which calls for assessment woven into daily teaching, not constant testing
    2. B Is the ideal way to implement CCE, since frequent tests keep children regular
    3. C Is what the RTE Act 2009 requires
    4. D Makes assessment comprehensive by covering co-scholastic areas along with every school subject
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    Correct answer: (A) Misreads CCE, which calls for assessment woven into daily teaching, not constant testing

    'Continuous' in CCE means assessment is an ongoing part of teaching and learning through observation, activities, projects and conversation, used to improve learning. Turning it into frequent tests raises stress and repeats the problems CCE was meant to remove.

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