Pariksha SaathiPedagogy
CTET Child Development and Pedagogy (CDP) MCQ with Answers
298 practice questions on Child Development and Pedagogy for CTET Paper I and Paper II, with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.
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Q.51
According to the multi-store model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, information passes through the memory stores in which order?
- A Short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory
- B Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory
- C Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
- D Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Information first registers briefly in sensory memory; what is attended to moves into short-term (working) memory, and what is rehearsed or processed meaningfully is stored in long-term memory. This is why both attention and meaningful processing are needed for learning to last.
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Q.52
Students remember the colours of the rainbow in order with the word 'VIBGYOR'. This is an example of
- A Insight learning
- B A mnemonic device
- C Negative transfer
- D Discovery learning
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) A mnemonic device
Mnemonics such as acronyms give an easy cue for recalling a list in order. They aid memory but do not by themselves build understanding of why a rainbow forms.
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Q.53
Match each of Erikson's crises with the basic strength (virtue) that its successful resolution gives: (A) Trust vs mistrust (B) Initiative vs guilt (C) Industry vs inferiority (D) Identity vs role confusion. 1. Competence 2. Purpose 3. Fidelity 4. Hope
- A A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
- B A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
- C A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
- D A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
Erikson linked hope with trust, purpose with initiative, competence with industry and fidelity (being true to one's commitments) with identity. Competence fits the primary-school years, when children gain a sense of being able to do things well.
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Q.54
A teacher always asks boys to carry the science equipment and girls to decorate the classroom. This practice
- A Is an efficient division of labour
- B Reinforces gender stereotypes and should be avoided
- C Is justified by the biological differences between boys and girls
- D Helps children learn the natural roles they will play as adults
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Reinforces gender stereotypes and should be avoided
Assigning tasks by sex reinforces gender stereotypes. A gender-sensitive teacher rotates all tasks among all children regardless of gender.
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Q.55
A child says the sun is 'sleeping' at night and the clouds are 'crying' when it rains. Piaget would describe this as
- A Animism, typical of the pre-operational stage
- B Hypothetico-deductive reasoning of the formal stage
- C Conservation of mass
- D Decentration, typical of the concrete operational stage
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Animism, typical of the pre-operational stage
Animism, attributing life and feelings to inanimate objects, is a feature of pre-operational thought (2-7 years), along with egocentrism and centration.
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Q.56
Which of the following is NOT a criticism commonly made of Piaget's theory?
- A Development is less stage-like and more overlapping than he claimed
- B It gave too little weight to social and cultural influences on thinking
- C Some of his tasks underestimated what young children can do
- D It ignored the child's active role in constructing knowledge
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) It ignored the child's active role in constructing knowledge
Piaget's central claim was that children actively construct knowledge, so this cannot be a criticism of him. The other three are standard criticisms: stages overlap, culture and social interaction were under-emphasised, and unfamiliar tasks underestimated young children.
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Q.57
Children who watched an adult hit a Bobo doll later imitated the aggressive behaviour. This experiment by Bandura demonstrated
- A Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
- B Latent learning (Tolman)
- C Insight learning (Kohler)
- D Observational (social) learning
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Observational (social) learning
Bandura's social learning theory shows that children learn by observing models; the four processes are attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.
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Q.58
Which of the following is the most effective approach to classroom discipline?
- A Strict punishment for every lapse so that children learn that rules are not negotiable
- B Rewarding only the best-behaved child publicly so that the rest of the class copies her behaviour
- C Ignoring all misbehaviour
- D Setting clear rules and routines with the children and engaging them in meaningful activities
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Setting clear rules and routines with the children and engaging them in meaningful activities
Positive discipline relies on engaging tasks, shared norms and consistent routines; punishment and public comparison produce fear, not self-discipline.
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Q.59
'A response followed by a satisfying consequence is strengthened and one followed by discomfort is weakened.' This is Thorndike's
- A Law of readiness
- B Law of exercise
- C Law of effect
- D Law of proximity
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Law of effect
Thorndike's law of effect, derived from cats in puzzle boxes, anticipates Skinner's reinforcement; the law of exercise concerns practice and the law of readiness concerns preparedness.
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Q.60
Donald Schön distinguished 'reflection-in-action' from 'reflection-on-action'. Reflection-in-action means
- A Looking back on a lesson after it is over and writing notes on it
- B Reading research papers during the vacation
- C Writing a detailed lesson plan before class, step by step, and sticking to it
- D Thinking about and adjusting one's teaching while the lesson is going on
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Thinking about and adjusting one's teaching while the lesson is going on
Schön described reflective practitioners as thinking on their feet, noticing during a lesson that something is not working and changing course at once; reflection-on-action is the later review of what happened. Both are part of reflective practice.
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Q.61
Which thinker founded Shantiniketan, where classes were held under trees so that children could learn in harmony with nature?
- A Swami Vivekananda
- B Sri Aurobindo
- C Rabindranath Tagore
- D Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Rabindranath Tagore
Tagore started his school at Shantiniketan in 1901 (later Visva-Bharati), stressing freedom, creativity, art and closeness to nature.
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Q.62
In Emile, Rousseau called for 'negative education' in the early years. By this he meant
- A Punishing the child for every mistake
- B Teaching only about the negative aspects of society
- C Teaching moral rules early through books so the child avoids bad habits
- D Shielding the child from early instruction so he learns from nature
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Shielding the child from early instruction so he learns from nature
Rousseau held that early education should not hurry to teach virtue or truth but should guard the child from vice and error while he learns through his senses and natural consequences. This naturalism influenced later child-centred educators such as Pestalozzi and Froebel.
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Q.63
Vygotsky's view of pretend play in early childhood is that
- A It wastes time that should be spent on formal lessons
- B It creates a zone of proximal development for the child
- C It merely releases children's surplus energy
- D It reflects egocentric thought that teachers should gradually discourage in school
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) It creates a zone of proximal development for the child
Vygotsky argued that in play a child behaves above his everyday level: following the rules of a role such as shopkeeper or mother develops self-control and symbolic thought. Play therefore acts as a zone of proximal development.
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Q.64
NCERT's Adolescence Education Programme (AEP) mainly aims to
- A Prepare adolescents for competitive entrance examinations through extra coaching classes in school
- B Train adolescents in a vocation chosen by the school so that they can start earning at an early age
- C Keep boys and girls apart in all school activities
- D Give adolescents accurate, age-appropriate information and life skills for real-life situations
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Give adolescents accurate, age-appropriate information and life skills for real-life situations
The Adolescence Education Programme aims to give young people accurate, age-appropriate and culturally relevant information, promote healthy attitudes and build life skills such as decision-making and coping with peer pressure. It is about well-being and responsible choices, not examination coaching.
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Q.65
Priya draws very well but finds arithmetic difficult. Differences such as these within the same child across different abilities are called
- A Inter-individual differences
- B Group differences
- C Gender differences
- D Intra-individual differences
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Intra-individual differences
Intra-individual differences are variations within one person across abilities, while inter-individual differences are differences between people. Recognising both helps a teacher build on each child's strengths.
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Q.66
Consider the statements about adolescence: 1. Peer influence in adolescence can be positive as well as negative. 2. Arguments with parents at this age are often linked to the young person's growing wish for independence. Which of these is/are correct?
- A Only 1
- B Only 2
- C Both 1 and 2
- D Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
Peers can encourage study, sport and good habits as well as risky behaviour, so peer influence is not only harmful. Adolescents seek more autonomy, and disagreements with parents over rules and choices are a common, usually temporary, part of this process.
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Q.67
Students are given a word problem that contains some extra information and are asked to pick out only the data needed to solve it. In the revised Bloom's taxonomy this task mainly calls for the level of
- A Remember
- B Analyse
- C Evaluate
- D Create
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Analyse
Distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information (differentiating) is a process under Analyse. Evaluate involves judging against criteria, and Create involves producing something new.
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Q.68
Which of the following is mainly the result of maturation rather than learning?
- A An infant beginning to sit up without support
- B A child learning to ride a bicycle
- C A child reading simple Hindi words
- D A child greeting elders with 'Namaste'
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) An infant beginning to sit up without support
Maturation is the biologically timed unfolding of abilities, such as sitting and walking in infancy, which appear with age even without special training. Cycling, reading and greetings depend on practice, teaching or social experience, so they are learnt.
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Q.69
Consider the statements. 1. A child's interest and attitude are environmental factors in learning. 2. The family's socio-economic conditions can affect a child's learning. Which is correct?
- A Only 1
- B Only 2
- C Both 1 and 2
- D Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Only 2
Interest and attitude belong to the learner, so they are personal factors and statement 1 is wrong. Family income, resources and support at home are environmental factors that can affect learning, so statement 2 is right.
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Q.70
Alfred Binet originally developed his intelligence scale in France in order to
- A Identify schoolchildren who needed extra help with learning
- B Select officers for the army
- C Prove that intelligence is entirely inherited and cannot be improved by education
- D Rank adult applicants for government jobs by their mental ability
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Identify schoolchildren who needed extra help with learning
Binet and Simon built their scale to identify children who needed special educational help in French schools. Binet believed intelligence could improve with suitable teaching and warned against treating scores as fixed.
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Q.71
Gandhi's scheme of Nai Talim (Basic Education) proposed at Wardha in 1937 emphasised
- A Education through a productive craft in the mother tongue
- B English-medium instruction and textbook learning for all children
- C Residential schools for the children of the elite, modelled on English public schools
- D Examination-based promotion
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Education through a productive craft in the mother tongue
Basic Education centred learning on a productive craft (like spinning), used the mother tongue, and aimed at self-reliance and character. The Zakir Husain committee drafted the scheme.
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Q.72
Piaget studied children's thinking mainly through
- A Experiments on rats and pigeons in boxes
- B Large-scale standardised intelligence tests for children
- C Conditioning experiments with dogs
- D The clinical method of flexibly questioning individual children
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) The clinical method of flexibly questioning individual children
Piaget used the clinical (interview) method, observing children, including his own, and asking follow-up questions to understand why they answered as they did. He was more interested in children's reasoning, including their wrong answers, than in scores.
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Q.73
After an end-of-unit test, a teacher finds that most children cannot yet subtract with borrowing, so she re-teaches it with new activities before moving on. Here the test is being used as
- A Assessment of learning, because it is held at the end of a unit
- B A norm-referenced test, as it compares children's scores with each other
- C Assessment for learning, because its results are used to improve teaching
- D A placement test for admission to the next class
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Assessment for learning, because its results are used to improve teaching
What makes assessment 'for learning' is how the evidence is used; here it guides re-teaching. The same test used only to award grades would be assessment of learning, so timing alone does not decide its type.
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Q.74
Following Piaget, the most suitable way to introduce place value to children of about 8 years is to
- A Explain the definition and rules of place value first, then give written practice
- B Use bundles of ten sticks and loose sticks before writing numbers
- C Make them memorise the place-value chart
- D Use hypothetical word problems written with letters and algebraic symbols
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Use bundles of ten sticks and loose sticks before writing numbers
Children in the concrete operational stage (about 7-11) reason logically about objects they can see and handle, so concrete materials should come before symbols. Abstract, hypothetical reasoning develops only in the formal operational stage.
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Q.75
A child who reads 'was' as 'saw' and 'b' as 'd', and reads much more slowly than peers despite normal intelligence, most likely has
- A Dyscalculia
- B Dysgraphia
- C Dyslexia
- D Dyspraxia
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability affecting reading and decoding of words. Dyscalculia affects arithmetic, dysgraphia affects writing and dyspraxia affects motor coordination.
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Q.76
NEP 2020 proposed a National Assessment Centre to act as a standard-setting body for student assessment. It is called
- A NISHTHA
- B DIKSHA
- C PARAKH
- D SWAYAM
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Correct answer: (C) PARAKH
PARAKH stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development. NISHTHA is a teacher-training programme, DIKSHA a digital platform for school education and SWAYAM a platform for online courses.
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Q.77
A teacher writes a brief, factual note on a significant incident in a child's behaviour, such as how she helped two classmates settle a quarrel, to use later in assessment. This tool is
- A A rubric
- B An anecdotal record
- C A rating scale
- D An achievement test
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Correct answer: (B) An anecdotal record
Anecdotal records are short, objective descriptions of specific incidents, useful for assessing personal and social qualities over time. They should describe what happened, keeping interpretation separate.
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Q.78
A teacher asks boys most of the challenging mathematics questions and praises girls mainly for neat handwriting. This is an example of
- A Fair recognition of natural differences in ability between boys and girls
- B Correct use of positive reinforcement
- C Differentiated instruction that matches tasks to each child's learning needs
- D Gender bias that can lower girls' confidence in mathematics
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Gender bias that can lower girls' confidence in mathematics
Teachers often unknowingly give boys harder questions and praise girls for neatness or obedience. Over time this signals lower expectations of girls in mathematics, so teachers should share challenging questions and praise for thinking fairly.
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Q.79
A Class 7 girl who has suddenly grown taller than all her classmates has become self-conscious and tries to hide at the back during assembly. The teacher should
- A Reassure her privately that body changes at this age are normal and vary in timing; avoid remarks on looks
- B Make her stand in the front row every day so that she gets used to it and stops feeling shy
- C Ignore the matter because it has nothing to do with studies
- D Joke about her height in class in a friendly way so that she learns to laugh at it herself
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Reassure her privately that body changes at this age are normal and vary in timing; avoid remarks on looks
Adolescents are very sensitive about rapid body changes, especially when they mature earlier or later than their peers. Quiet reassurance and a classroom culture that avoids remarks on appearance reduce anxiety; forcing exposure or joking adds to it.
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Q.80
Match the thinker with the view on language and thought: (A) Piaget (B) Vygotsky (C) Skinner (D) Whorf. 1. Thought and language have separate roots and later merge. 2. Language is learnt through imitation and reinforcement. 3. Thought develops first and language reflects it. 4. The language one speaks shapes how one thinks.
- A A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
- B A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
- C A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
- D A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
Piaget saw language as reflecting the level of thought; Vygotsky held that thought and speech have separate roots and merge, so that thought becomes verbal; Skinner explained language through imitation and reinforcement; the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis holds that language shapes thought.
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Q.81
A student says, 'We must follow school rules even when no one is watching, because if everyone broke them the school could not function.' According to Kohlberg, this reasoning belongs to
- A Punishment and obedience orientation (Stage 1), pre-conventional level
- B Social contract orientation (Stage 5), post-conventional level
- C Instrumental exchange orientation (Stage 2), pre-conventional level
- D Law and order orientation (Stage 4), conventional level
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Law and order orientation (Stage 4), conventional level
Stage 4 reasoning stresses obeying rules and doing one's duty to maintain social order. The student obeys even when no one is watching, so fear of punishment (Stage 1) is not the reason; Stage 5 would treat rules as agreements that can be changed.
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Q.82
Action research by a school teacher is mainly carried out to
- A Rank the schools of a district by their results in the board examinations
- B Develop a new standardised intelligence test for use across the district
- C Solve a specific problem in her own classroom and improve her practice
- D Decide which teachers should be transferred
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Solve a specific problem in her own classroom and improve her practice
Action research is small-scale, practical inquiry by practitioners into a problem in their own setting, with the aim of improving practice there and then. It does not aim at broad generalisations or at judging other people.
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Q.83
Which way of questioning is most likely to make every child in the class think about the question?
- A Call a child's name first, then ask the question
- B Ask the question and answer it yourself if no one replies at once, to save class time
- C Ask questions only to children who usually know the answers, so that the lesson moves quickly
- D Ask the question to the whole class, pause for a few seconds, then call on a child
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Ask the question to the whole class, pause for a few seconds, then call on a child
Posing the question to everyone and then pausing (wait time) gives all children time to think, since anyone may be asked. Naming a child first lets the others stop thinking.
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Q.84
A Class 5 child says 0.25 is greater than 0.3 'because 25 is bigger than 3'. This error mainly shows that the child
- A Is applying whole-number knowledge to decimals, a logical but incorrect rule
- B Was careless while reading the question and should check her work more slowly
- C Has low intelligence
- D Has not practised enough sums and needs more drill on decimal worksheets
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Is applying whole-number knowledge to decimals, a logical but incorrect rule
The error is systematic: the child treats the digits after the decimal point as a whole number. Such errors reveal the child's current reasoning and show the teacher exactly what to work on, for example place value using grids or money.
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Q.85
Which of the following ideas does NOT belong to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
- A The child is at the centre of several nested layers of environment
- B The systems affect one another, and the child also influences them
- C Settings the child never enters, such as a parent's workplace, can still affect the child
- D Development unfolds through biologically fixed stages that the environment cannot alter
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Development unfolds through biologically fixed stages that the environment cannot alter
Bronfenbrenner's model is about how layers of environment, interacting with the child's own characteristics, shape development, so a view of development as fixed by biology and untouched by the environment contradicts it. The other three statements are central to the theory.
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Q.86
In Guilford's structure-of-intellect model, 'divergent production' and 'convergent production' are classified as types of
- A Operations
- B Contents
- C Products
- D Primary mental abilities
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Operations
Guilford's operations are the mental processes, including cognition, memory, divergent production, convergent production and evaluation, that act on different contents to yield different products. Primary mental abilities belong to Thurstone's theory.
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Q.87
Match the thinker with the explanation of play: (A) Herbert Spencer (B) Karl Groos (C) G. Stanley Hall (D) Jean Piaget. 1. Play is practice for skills needed in adult life 2. Play uses up surplus energy 3. Play repeats activities from the past of the human race 4. Play reflects the child's stage of cognitive development
- A A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
- B A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
- C A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
- D A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
Spencer's surplus energy theory, Groos's practice (pre-exercise) theory and Hall's recapitulation theory are classical theories of play. Piaget instead linked kinds of play to the child's level of thinking, from practice play to symbolic play to games with rules.
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Q.88
Socialisation is best described as the process by which a child
- A Grows in height and weight
- B Inherits physical and mental traits from both parents through the genes at conception
- C Acquires knowledge of school subjects through formal teaching and examinations
- D Learns the values, norms, language and behaviour expected in society
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Learns the values, norms, language and behaviour expected in society
Socialisation is the process of learning the ways of one's society through family, school, peers, teachers and media. Physical growth and inheritance are biological, and gaining subject knowledge for examinations is formal academic learning, not the wider learning of society's ways.
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Q.89
Which of the following changes was made in the revised version of Bloom's taxonomy?
- A Category names were changed from nouns to verbs, e.g. Knowledge became Remember
- B The affective and cognitive domains were merged into one list of objectives
- C Knowledge was moved to the highest level
- D The cognitive levels were reduced from six to three
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Category names were changed from nouns to verbs, e.g. Knowledge became Remember
The revision used verbs to describe thinking processes: Knowledge became Remember, Comprehension became Understand and Synthesis became Create. It also added a separate knowledge dimension alongside the cognitive process dimension.
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Q.90
A shy child is praised first for answering in one word, then only for a full sentence, and finally only for speaking in front of the whole class. This technique is
- A Classical conditioning
- B Shaping by successive approximations
- C Negative reinforcement
- D Observational learning (modelling)
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Shaping by successive approximations
Shaping, from Skinner's operant conditioning, reinforces closer and closer approximations of the target behaviour. It lets a child reach a difficult behaviour in small, rewarded steps.
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Q.91
Which educator wrote 'How Children Fail', arguing that many children do badly in school because they are afraid, bored and confused?
- A Ivan Illich
- B John Holt
- C Paulo Freire
- D A. S. Neill
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) John Holt
John Holt's 'How Children Fail' drew on his classroom observations to show how fear, boredom and confusion push children into strategies for avoiding failure instead of learning. Illich wrote 'Deschooling Society', Freire wrote 'Pedagogy of the Oppressed' and Neill founded Summerhill school.
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Q.92
A child says, 'I haven't had my afternoon nap, so it can't be afternoon.' Piaget would describe this reasoning as
- A Transductive reasoning, typical of the pre-operational stage
- B Deductive reasoning, typical of the formal operational stage
- C Inductive reasoning, typical of the concrete operational stage
- D Reversible thinking, typical of the concrete operational stage
Show answer
Correct answer: (A) Transductive reasoning, typical of the pre-operational stage
Transductive reasoning moves from one particular event to another (nap to afternoon) and treats them as cause and effect simply because they usually occur together. It is characteristic of pre-operational thought.
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Q.93
A 15-year-old experiments with different friend groups, hobbies and career ideas, trying to find out 'who I am'. Erikson calls this stage
- A Intimacy vs isolation
- B Identity vs role confusion
- C Industry vs inferiority
- D Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Identity vs role confusion
Adolescence corresponds to Erikson's fifth stage, identity vs role confusion, in which the young person seeks a coherent sense of self.
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Q.94
When students use given criteria to check their own work, reflect on what they have understood and set goals for improvement, this is called
- A Assessment of learning
- B Norm-referenced testing
- C Assessment as learning
- D Summative evaluation
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Assessment as learning
Assessment as learning puts the learner at the centre: through self-assessment and reflection, students monitor and direct their own learning. Assessment of learning is summative and certifies achievement.
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Q.95
In a Class 1 game, a child who loses throws his crayons on the floor and starts crying. The most suitable response of the teacher is to
- A Tell him firmly that big children do not cry over games and send him to sit in a corner
- B Stay calm, help him name the feeling ('You are upset because you lost') and show a way to calm down
- C Take away his crayons for the rest of the week
- D Keep him out of all games until he learns to lose quietly, so the others' games are not spoilt
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) Stay calm, help him name the feeling ('You are upset because you lost') and show a way to calm down
Young children are still learning to recognise and manage strong feelings; helping them put a name to the emotion and modelling a calming strategy builds emotional regulation. Dismissing or punishing the feeling teaches the child to hide emotions, not to handle them.
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Q.96
Which of the following is NOT a type of knowledge in the knowledge dimension of the revised Bloom's taxonomy?
- A Factual knowledge
- B Procedural knowledge
- C Affective knowledge
- D Metacognitive knowledge
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Affective knowledge
The knowledge dimension has four types: factual, conceptual, procedural and metacognitive. 'Affective' refers to a separate domain of objectives dealing with feelings, attitudes and values, not a type of knowledge.
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Q.97
A 15-year-old rides his bicycle at high speed through busy traffic and says, 'Accidents happen to other people, not to me.' This belief, a part of adolescent egocentrism described by Elkind, is called
- A The imaginary audience
- B The personal fable
- C Identity achievement
- D Centration
Show answer
Correct answer: (B) The personal fable
The personal fable is the adolescent's sense of being unique and invulnerable, which can feed risky behaviour. The imaginary audience is the related belief that everyone is watching oneself.
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Q.98
A child keeps calling out to get the teacher's attention. The teacher stops responding to the calling out but promptly attends to him whenever he raises his hand. The calling out is being weakened through
- A Negative reinforcement
- B Positive punishment, by adding a scolding
- C Classical conditioning
- D Extinction, by withholding attention
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Extinction, by withholding attention
When the reinforcer that keeps a behaviour going is withheld, the behaviour gradually weakens - extinction in operant conditioning. Reinforcing the desired alternative, raising a hand, at the same time speeds up the change.
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Q.99
A teacher wants her students to listen patiently to one another during discussions. According to social learning theory, the most effective thing she can do is to
- A Write a rule about listening on the board and remind the class of it daily
- B Give an inspiring talk on the value of patience and ask the whole class to follow it
- C Punish children who interrupt
- D Listen patiently to the children herself, modelling the behaviour
Show answer
Correct answer: (D) Listen patiently to the children herself, modelling the behaviour
Children learn a great deal by observing models, and the teacher is a powerful one, so behaviour she shows consistently is more likely to be copied than rules or talks. Bandura's work showed that children imitate what models do.
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Q.100
Carl Jung classified personalities as introvert and extrovert. Which description fits an extrovert?
- A Reserved and absorbed in inner thoughts and feelings, preferring to work alone
- B Showing an even balance of both tendencies, as is typical of an ambivert
- C Outgoing and sociable, and energised by being with other people
- D Always emotionally unstable and anxious
Show answer
Correct answer: (C) Outgoing and sociable, and energised by being with other people
Jung's extroverts direct their energy outward to people and activity, while introverts turn inward to thoughts and feelings; most people, sometimes called ambiverts, show a mix. Neither type is better, and introversion is not the same as emotional instability.
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How these questions were made
Authored by an AI assistant (Claude) from its own general knowledge of stable, well-established facts (no live lookup) - not reviewed by a subject-matter expert; verify against an official source before relying on any fact.