Pedagogy

CTET Language Pedagogy (Hindi and English) MCQ with Answers

688 practice questions on Language Pedagogy (Language I and II) for CTET Language I and Language II, with answers; most also have an explanation or a worked solution. Try each one before you open its answer.

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1. Q.451

   Which branch of linguistics studies how meaning depends on context and the speaker's intention, for example why 'Can you pass the salt?' is a request and not a question about ability?

   1. A Phonology
   2. B Pragmatics
   3. C Morphology
   4. D Syntax
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   Correct answer: (B) Pragmatics

   Pragmatics deals with meaning in context and language use. Phonology studies sound systems, morphology studies word formation, syntax studies sentence structure and semantics studies literal meaning.

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2. Q.452

   A teacher uses action commands with beginners, tells stories, briefly explains abstract words in the mother tongue and organises pair work, choosing whatever suits her learners and the lesson. Her approach is best described as:

   1. A Grammar-translation method
   2. B Audio-lingual method
   3. C Pure direct method
   4. D Eclectic approach
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   Correct answer: (D) Eclectic approach

   The eclectic approach selects and combines techniques from different methods according to learners' needs instead of following one method rigidly. A pure direct method would not allow the mother tongue at all.

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3. Q.453

   Which of the following best states the position of NCF 2005 on language diversity in the classroom?

   1. A Multilingualism is a resource and should be used as a classroom strategy
   2. B Multilingualism is an obstacle that delays learning of the school language
   3. C Only two languages should be permitted in a classroom at any time
   4. D Children should be discouraged from mixing languages while speaking in class
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   Correct answer: (A) Multilingualism is a resource and should be used as a classroom strategy

   NCF 2005 explicitly says that multilingualism is a resource, a classroom strategy and a goal of education, and that children's home languages should be respected and used.

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4. Q.454

   Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

   At two in the morning, Jhinjhar Junction is a world of its own. Under the yellow lamps, families sleep on the platform on spread-out sheets, their bags tied to their wrists. A goods train clanks slowly through without stopping. Then a whistle sounds far away, and the whole platform stirs: porters stand up, a sleeping child is lifted, and Bhagwan Das, who has sold tea here for twenty-two years, lights the stove under his kettle. He knows to the minute how long the express will halt and exactly how many cups he can pour before it moves. When it leaves, the platform settles back into sleep, and Bhagwan Das lowers the flame and waits for the next whistle.

   Why does Bhagwan Das light his stove when he hears the distant whistle?

   1. A To make himself a cup of tea before he sleeps
   2. B To warm the families sleeping on the platform
   3. C Because the station master has told him to
   4. D To have tea ready for the train's passengers
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   Correct answer: (D) To have tea ready for the train's passengers

   The whistle means the express is coming, and he knows 'how many cups he can pour before it moves', so he is getting tea ready to sell to its passengers.

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5. Q.455

   After every story, a Class III teacher writes its moral on the board for the children to copy. Which practice would make her story lessons more meaningful?

   1. A Asking children to learn each moral by heart and write it correctly, word for word, in the test
   2. B Choosing only those stories whose moral is clearly stated in their last line, so nothing is missed
   3. C Skipping discussion so that more stories can be finished
   4. D Letting children discuss the characters' actions and feelings and draw their own conclusions
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   Correct answer: (D) Letting children discuss the characters' actions and feelings and draw their own conclusions

   Stories work through children's own engagement: discussing why characters acted as they did builds comprehension, reasoning and values more deeply than a moral handed down. Imposing a fixed moral reduces the story to a lesson to memorise.

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6. Q.456

   Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

   A banana peel thrown on the ground will, in time, rot and return to the soil. A plastic bag thrown beside it will still be there long after the person who dropped it has grown old. This is the central problem with plastic: it is strong, light and cheap, but nature has no easy way to break it down. Discarded bags clog drains, so that rainwater floods the streets. Cows and other animals that eat them along with food scraps can fall seriously ill. Plastic washed into rivers ends up in the sea, where it harms fish and turtles. Carrying a cloth bag to the market is a small habit, but it keeps many such bags out of the world.

   According to the passage, what happens when plastic bags clog drains?

   1. A Cows eat them with food scraps
   2. B They rot and return to the soil
   3. C Fish and turtles are harmed
   4. D Rainwater floods the streets
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   Correct answer: (D) Rainwater floods the streets

   The passage says: 'Discarded bags clog drains, so that rainwater floods the streets.' The other options are separate harms, or, in the case of rotting, the opposite of what plastic does.

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7. Q.457

   Which of the following is LEAST suitable for assessing students' writing proficiency?

   1. A A short report on a school event
   2. B A portfolio of drafts and final pieces
   3. C A letter to a friend describing a festival
   4. D Multiple-choice questions on grammar rules
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   Correct answer: (D) Multiple-choice questions on grammar rules

   Writing proficiency is shown by actually composing texts for a purpose; multiple-choice grammar items test knowledge about language, not the ability to write. The other options all require real writing.

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8. Q.458

   A Class I child writes 'frend' for 'friend' and 'skul' for 'school' in her story. The teacher should:

   1. A Mark every misspelt word in red and make her rewrite the whole story neatly before the next class
   2. B Stop her from writing stories until her spelling improves through daily copying practice
   3. C Give her a spelling test on these words the next day as a punishment for careless writing
   4. D Accept invented spelling as a developmental stage and keep modelling correct spelling through reading
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   Correct answer: (D) Accept invented spelling as a developmental stage and keep modelling correct spelling through reading

   Invented spelling shows that the child is applying her phonemic knowledge and is a normal stage of early writing. Penalising it discourages writing; exposure to correct print gradually refines spelling.

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9. Q.459

   Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

   For short journeys within a town, many families now take out a car or a motorbike almost without thinking. Yet a trip of a kilometre or two is often just as quick on a bicycle, especially in crowded streets, and walking it costs nothing at all. Each such trip made on foot or by cycle means a little less smoke in the air that everyone, including the driver, has to breathe. It also brings exercise into the day without the need for a gym. Of course, not every journey can be made this way; the old, the unwell and those carrying heavy loads need other means. But for a healthy child going to a nearby school or market, the bicycle is often the wiser choice.

   The writer believes that for short trips in town, healthy people should

   1. A always use a car so as to save time
   2. B join a gym instead of walking anywhere
   3. C never use any motor vehicle at all
   4. D walk or cycle whenever it is practical
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   Correct answer: (D) walk or cycle whenever it is practical

   The writer calls the bicycle 'often the wiser choice' for a healthy child's short trip, but admits that 'not every journey can be made this way', so 'never' is too strong.

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10. Q.460

    Which aspect of language development can the behaviourist view (imitation and reinforcement) explain reasonably well?

    1. A Children's production of new sentences that they have never heard before
    2. B Children's overgeneralised forms such as 'goed' and 'mouses'
    3. C The similar order of milestones across all the languages of the world
    4. D Children's learning of the words and accent of their own community
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    Correct answer: (D) Children's learning of the words and accent of their own community

    Which words a child knows and the accent she speaks with clearly come from the speech around her, which fits learning by imitation. Novel sentences, rule-based errors and universal milestones are the classic points that behaviourism cannot explain.

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11. Q.461

    Before reading a story, a teacher shows the title and pictures and asks children to predict what might happen, drawing on their own experiences. Which model of reading is she encouraging?

    1. A Bottom-up processing
    2. B Top-down processing
    3. C Phonic decoding
    4. D Letter-by-letter processing
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    Correct answer: (B) Top-down processing

    Top-down processing uses prior knowledge, context and prediction to construct meaning. Bottom-up processing builds meaning from letters and sounds upward; good readers use both interactively.

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12. Q.462

    A teacher introduces the English word 'kitchen' by first asking children what they call the cooking room at home, and then links the new word to it. Which principle of language teaching is being followed?

    1. A Habit formation
    2. B Proceeding from the known to the unknown
    3. C Principle of oral work before written work
    4. D Principle of selection and gradation
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    Correct answer: (B) Proceeding from the known to the unknown

    Linking new learning to what children already know is the principle of moving from the known to the unknown. It uses the child's existing knowledge and mother tongue as a base.

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13. Q.463

    Which of the following is NOT a component of reading fluency?

    1. A Accuracy in reading words
    2. B Memorising the text before reading it
    3. C Reading at a suitable speed
    4. D Reading with appropriate expression and phrasing
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    Correct answer: (B) Memorising the text before reading it

    Fluency combines accuracy, a suitable rate and expressive phrasing, which frees the reader's attention for meaning. Reciting a memorised text shows memory, not fluent reading.

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14. Q.464

    Every evening a father plays peek-a-boo with his baby and later shares a picture book in the same pattern: 'What's that?' - the child points - 'Yes, it's a cow!' Bruner saw such predictable, repeated routines, in which the child takes turns before she can say much, as:

    1. A Drills that train correct speech habits through repetition and reinforcement
    2. B Collective monologues, in which each speaker is really talking only to herself
    3. C Evidence of a critical period for learning speech sounds
    4. D 'Formats': routines that give the child's early language a familiar frame
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    Correct answer: (D) 'Formats': routines that give the child's early language a familiar frame

    Bruner argued that routines (formats) such as peek-a-boo and joint book reading give the child a familiar structure, shared attention and fixed turns, within which the adult can gradually expect more language. They are part of the adult support he set beside Chomsky's innate device.

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15. Q.465

    In a play, the notes given in brackets about the setting, the characters' movements and their tone of voice (रंग-निर्देश, stage directions) mainly help readers to:

    1. A Learn the meanings of difficult words in the dialogues
    2. B Know about the playwright's life and the other plays that he or she has written
    3. C Picture the scene and know how the dialogues are to be spoken and acted
    4. D Work out how many acts and scenes the play is divided into
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    Correct answer: (C) Picture the scene and know how the dialogues are to be spoken and acted

    Stage directions tell actors and readers where the action takes place, what the characters do and how lines are spoken. Drawing attention to them helps students read a play as something to be performed.

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16. Q.466

    Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

    At four in the morning, while the market is still dark and shuttered, a single bulb burns in Ramesh Halwai's shop. He sits cross-legged before a wide iron pan of bubbling oil, a cloth cone of batter in his fist. With a quick, steady turn of the wrist he pipes the batter into the oil in tight, looping spirals, and the circles puff up golden in seconds. His nephew lifts them out with a slotted spoon and drops them into a vat of warm syrup, where they soak until they glisten. By six the first customers arrive, rubbing their hands against the cold, and the smell has already drifted halfway down the street to wake those still sleeping.

    In the passage, the word 'glisten' means:

    1. A become hard and dry
    2. B shine with a wet look
    3. C become dark brown
    4. D break into small pieces
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    Correct answer: (B) shine with a wet look

    The jalebis soak in 'warm syrup' until they glisten, that is, until they shine with a wet, syrupy gloss.

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17. Q.467

    Word pairs such as 'ship–sheep', 'pen–pan' and 'fan–van', which differ in just one sound and have different meanings, are called:

    1. A Minimal pairs
    2. B Homophones
    3. C Rhyming couplets
    4. D Consonant clusters
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    Correct answer: (A) Minimal pairs

    A minimal pair differs in a single sound, showing that the sound changes meaning; such pairs are used to train learners to hear and then produce the contrast. Homophones, by contrast, sound exactly alike but differ in meaning and often in spelling.

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18. Q.468

    Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

    People often use the words 'weather' and 'climate' as if they meant the same thing, but they do not. Weather is what the sky and air are doing at a particular place on a particular day: it may be sunny this morning, stormy by evening and cool tomorrow. Climate is the pattern of weather that a place shows over many years. When we say that a desert is hot and dry, or that a hill town has cold winters, we are describing its climate. One rainy week in a desert does not change its climate, just as one bad day does not make a cheerful person gloomy. In short, weather is a single page, while climate is the whole book.

    Which of the following statements is about climate rather than weather, as the passage explains the two?

    1. A It rained very heavily in our small town late last night
    2. B The sky over the school is cloudy this afternoon
    3. C Tomorrow is expected to be cool and windy
    4. D Coastal towns in this region usually have mild winters
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    Correct answer: (D) Coastal towns in this region usually have mild winters

    Climate is 'the pattern of weather that a place shows over many years'; 'usually have mild winters' describes such a pattern, while the other three describe a single day or night.

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19. Q.469

    Reading 'The fishermen pulled their boat up onto the bank,' a Class V child looks up 'bank' and writes its first meaning, 'a place where money is kept'. Which dictionary skill does the teacher most need to develop?

    1. A Finding the word quickly by using alphabetical order and guide words
    2. B Reading the pronunciation symbols given after each headword
    3. C Copying the first meaning neatly into the vocabulary notebook
    4. D Choosing, from several meanings, the one that fits the context
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    Correct answer: (D) Choosing, from several meanings, the one that fits the context

    Many words have several meanings, so learners must check which sense fits the sentence; NCERT's Marigold (Class V) has children look up words that have more than one meaning, and Honeydew (Class VIII) asks them to write down the dictionary meaning that matches the sentence. The child found the word; what she missed was matching the sense to the context.

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20. Q.470

    A teacher works with a small group of children who read at a similar level. Each child has a copy of the same text; she introduces it briefly and supports them as they read it themselves. This practice is called:

    1. A Shared reading
    2. B Guided reading
    3. C Round-robin reading
    4. D Choral reading
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    Correct answer: (B) Guided reading

    In guided reading the children do the reading themselves, with the teacher giving support at the point of need. In shared reading the teacher reads an enlarged text to the whole class while children join in.

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21. Q.471

    Which of the following is NOT a suitable criterion for assessing a child's reading aloud (सस्वर पठन) in Hindi?

    1. A Clear and correct pronunciation
    2. B Pausing according to punctuation marks
    3. C Expression and tone of voice that suit the meaning of the text
    4. D Reading as fast as possible, whatever the meaning
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    Correct answer: (D) Reading as fast as possible, whatever the meaning

    Good reading aloud is clear, follows the punctuation and conveys meaning through expression, at a pace the listener can follow. Racing through a text without regard to meaning is a fault, not a criterion of good reading.

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22. Q.472

    In the game अंत्याक्षरी, each player recites a line of a poem or song that begins with the letter on which the previous player's line ended. In a language class, this game mainly helps children to:

    1. A Learn the rules of Hindi grammar in a systematic and graded order, step by step
    2. B Recall poems and songs, attend to sounds and letters, and enjoy language
    3. C Practise neat and legible handwriting in Devanagari
    4. D Answer comprehension questions on an unseen passage
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    Correct answer: (B) Recall poems and songs, attend to sounds and letters, and enjoy language

    अंत्याक्षरी makes children search their memory for poems and songs that begin with a given letter, so they listen for sounds, recall verse and play with language. It is not a grammar, handwriting or comprehension exercise.

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23. Q.473

    Nikhil's first draft of a story in Class VII has an exciting plot, a confusing middle section and several spelling mistakes. On this first draft, the teacher's feedback should mainly focus on:

    1. A Correcting every spelling mistake in red ink
    2. B A grade out of ten with no comments
    3. C Making the middle section clear, leaving spelling for the editing stage
    4. D Rewriting the story for him so that he sees exactly how it should be written
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    Correct answer: (C) Making the middle section clear, leaving spelling for the editing stage

    In process writing, early feedback addresses content and organisation, since sentences may change during revision; surface errors are fixed at the editing stage. A bare grade or a rewrite by the teacher gives the writer nothing to act on.

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24. Q.474

    Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

    Every morning Mariamma walks along the row of wooden boxes at the end of her coconut grove, lifting each lid a little to look inside. She wears no gloves and no veil. She moves slowly and calmly, and the bees, busy with their work, mostly ignore her. When a box is heavy with honey, she draws out the frames one by one, brushes the bees gently back into the box with a feather, and carries the dripping gold to the kitchen. Her grandson once asked whether she was ever stung. 'Often,' she said, 'but only on the days I am in a hurry. The bees know before I do when my mind is somewhere else.'

    In the passage, the word 'ignore' means:

    1. A swarm round and sting
    2. B take no notice of
    3. C follow closely
    4. D move away from
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    Correct answer: (B) take no notice of

    The bees, 'busy with their work', mostly ignore Mariamma, that is, they take no notice of her as she moves calmly among them.

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25. Q.475

    Instead of answering the teacher's questions on a story, Class VI groups write their own questions about it and exchange them with another group. What is the main value of this activity?

    1. A It saves the teacher the work of preparing comprehension questions for every single lesson
    2. B It makes students read actively, noticing what is important or puzzling in the text
    3. C It ensures that every question has one fixed answer that can be marked quickly and easily
    4. D It mainly tests students' handwriting and neatness
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    Correct answer: (B) It makes students read actively, noticing what is important or puzzling in the text

    To frame questions, readers must reread, notice what matters and identify what they do not understand, which deepens comprehension. The questions students write also show the teacher how well they have understood the text.

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26. Q.476

    In a school where children are punished for speaking their home language, a Gondi-speaking child gradually stops using Gondi, even at home, while still struggling with the school language. This situation is called:

    1. A Additive bilingualism
    2. B Subtractive bilingualism
    3. C Code-switching between languages
    4. D Balanced bilingualism
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    Correct answer: (B) Subtractive bilingualism

    In subtractive bilingualism a new language replaces the first instead of being added to it, often because the first language is devalued, and the child loses the base on which new learning should be built. Additive bilingualism, in which the new language is added while the first is kept, is what a multilingual approach aims for.

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27. Q.477

    The words हंस (swan) and हँस (laugh, as in हँसना) are written differently. What should a teacher help children understand from such pairs?

    1. A Anusvara and chandrabindu are interchangeable marks used by choice
    2. B The dot and the moon-sign are only decorations on the headline, with no sound of their own
    3. C The chandrabindu is used only in words that Hindi has borrowed from Sanskrit
    4. D Anusvara (ं) and chandrabindu (ँ) stand for different sounds and can change meaning
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    Correct answer: (D) Anusvara (ं) and chandrabindu (ँ) stand for different sounds and can change meaning

    In हंस the anusvara stands for a nasal consonant, while in हँस the chandrabindu nasalises the vowel; mixing them up changes the word. Saying such pairs aloud helps children hear, and then write, the difference.

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28. Q.478

    Under NEP 2020, a student who wishes to change one or more of the three languages she is studying may do so in:

    1. A Grade 1 or 2
    2. B Grade 3 or 4
    3. C Grade 6 or 7
    4. D Grade 11 or 12
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    Correct answer: (C) Grade 6 or 7

    NEP 2020 allows the change in Grade 6 or 7, as long as the student can show basic proficiency in three languages, including one Indian language at the level of literature, by the end of secondary school. This flexibility goes with its principle that no language will be imposed.

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29. Q.479

    NIPUN Bharat frames three developmental goals for the foundational years. Foundational language and literacy relate mainly to which of them?

    1. A Children maintain good health and well-being
    2. B Children become effective communicators
    3. C Children become involved learners and connect with their immediate environment
    4. D Children become self-reliant in their daily routines
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    Correct answer: (B) Children become effective communicators

    Of NIPUN Bharat's three developmental goals, 'children become effective communicators' covers oral language, reading and writing. The goal on involved learners covers areas such as numeracy and understanding the environment, and the first goal covers health and well-being.

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30. Q.480

    Which of the following views on learners' errors is consistent with modern error analysis as advocated by S. Pit Corder?

    1. A Errors are bad habits that must be eliminated through immediate correction and punishment
    2. B Errors show that the learner lacks ability and should be moved to a lower class for more drill
    3. C Errors are evidence of the learner's active hypothesis-testing and give the teacher useful information
    4. D Errors should be ignored completely because they correct themselves
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    Correct answer: (C) Errors are evidence of the learner's active hypothesis-testing and give the teacher useful information

    Corder argued that errors reveal the learner's current system and strategies, and that analysing them helps teachers plan instruction. Neither punishment nor total neglect is the recommended response.

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31. Q.481

    Which of the following statements best reflects Piaget's view of the relationship between language and thought?

    1. A Language is the main source from which all thinking develops in the child
    2. B Language and thought are unrelated and develop independently of each other throughout life
    3. C Language develops only through imitation of adults and reinforcement of correct speech
    4. D Language reflects the child's level of cognitive development; thought comes first
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    Correct answer: (D) Language reflects the child's level of cognitive development; thought comes first

    For Piaget, cognitive development leads and language follows: a child uses words to express concepts that thinking has already formed. Imitation and reinforcement is Skinner's account, and language as the source of thought is closer to Whorf.

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32. Q.482

    A Class IV teacher shows a picture of a busy village market and asks everyone to say something about it. Some children name things ('a cow', 'bananas'); others describe actions or tell a little story. Why is such a picture a good prompt for a mixed-ability class?

    1. A It has only one correct answer, so the teacher can mark it quickly and easily
    2. B It lets each child respond at her own level and shows the teacher her range
    3. C It spares shy children the need to speak at all, since only the bold ones answer
    4. D It tests only the spelling of the names of objects
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    Correct answer: (B) It lets each child respond at her own level and shows the teacher her range

    An open picture prompt allows answers from single words to connected narration, so all children can take part and the teacher learns where each one stands. A task with one right answer would leave many children out.

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33. Q.483

    While Class V pairs carry out a speaking task, which of the following is NOT appropriate for a teacher acting as a facilitator?

    1. A Moving around and listening to different pairs
    2. B Helping a pair that is stuck with a prompt or a useful word
    3. C Noting common errors to take up after the task
    4. D Sitting at her desk checking notebooks until the task is over
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Sitting at her desk checking notebooks until the task is over

    During pair work the facilitator monitors actively: she listens, supports pairs that need help and gathers points for feedback. Withdrawing to other work leaves learners without the support and feedback the task depends on.

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34. Q.484

    Which of the following classroom practices does NOT treat children's many languages as a resource?

    1. A Making a 'language map' of the languages spoken in the children's homes and neighbourhood
    2. B Inviting children to teach classmates a greeting or a song in their home language
    3. C Displaying key words of a lesson in the children's home languages alongside Hindi
    4. D Fining children who use their home language during group work
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Fining children who use their home language during group work

    Language maps, peer teaching of greetings and songs, and multilingual word displays make children's languages visible and valued, as NCF 2005 recommends. Penalising the home language sends the opposite message and can push children towards subtractive bilingualism.

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35. Q.485

    English speakers say 'heavy rain' rather than 'strong rain', 'do homework' rather than 'make homework', and 'fast food' rather than 'quick food'. This tendency of certain words to go together is called:

    1. A Connotation
    2. B Conjugation
    3. C Collocation
    4. D Contraction
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Collocation

    Collocation is the habitual pairing of words, fixed by usage rather than by meaning alone, which is why 'strong rain' sounds odd though 'strong' and 'heavy' are close in meaning. Connotation is the feeling or association a word carries.

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36. Q.486

    Consider these statements about practising grammar in an English class. 1. Grammar practice can become meaningful only after the rules have been memorised. 2. A grammar game works well when learners need the target form to reach the game's goal, as in asking 'Have you got a red pen?' to collect cards. Which is/are correct?

    1. A 1 only
    2. B 2 only
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) 2 only

    Learners can practise a form meaningfully from the start when a task or game makes that form necessary, such as asking 'Have you got...?' to collect cards; memorising rules first is not a precondition. A game that does not require the form gives fun but little practice of it.

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37. Q.487

    Which is the most appropriate remedial strategy for a Class IV child who misspells many common words in his writing?

    1. A Deducting marks for every spelling mistake he makes in all subjects, so that he becomes more careful
    2. B Asking him to copy the whole lesson five times so that the correct spellings get fixed in memory
    3. C Not letting him write anything until his spelling has improved
    4. D Look-say-cover-write-check practice with his own words, and word families like 'light, night, right'
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Look-say-cover-write-check practice with his own words, and word families like 'light, night, right'

    Look-say-cover-write-check builds visual memory and self-checking, and word families help the child see spelling patterns. Penalties and mechanical copying do not address how he learns spellings.

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38. Q.488

    Which of the following is NOT advisable when organising remedial teaching in Hindi?

    1. A Working with small groups or individuals on their specific difficulty
    2. B Giving tasks in small steps so that children experience success
    3. C Referring to the remedial group as 'the weak children' in front of the class
    4. D Re-assessing the children afterwards to check whether the difficulty has been overcome
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Referring to the remedial group as 'the weak children' in front of the class

    Labelling children publicly hurts their self-esteem and motivation, which remedial teaching depends on. Small groups, small steps with success and re-assessment are all sound features of remedial work.

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39. Q.489

    Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

    Our teeth are among the hardest parts of the body, yet they can be destroyed by something as soft as a sweet. When we eat, tiny bits of food remain between and around the teeth. Germs in the mouth feed on the sugar in these bits and produce an acid that slowly eats into the hard outer covering of the tooth. Over weeks and months a small hole, called a cavity, may form, and it can become painful. The best defence is simple: brush the teeth gently twice a day, especially before going to bed, and rinse the mouth with water after eating. Sweets need not be given up entirely, but eating them with meals rather than all day long gives the teeth a rest.

    According to the passage, what eats into the outer covering of the tooth?

    1. A An acid made by germs that feed on sugar
    2. B Brushing the teeth gently twice every day
    3. C Hard bits of food stuck between the teeth
    4. D Rinsing the mouth with water after every meal
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) An acid made by germs that feed on sugar

    Germs feed on the sugar in food bits 'and produce an acid that slowly eats into the hard outer covering of the tooth'.

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40. Q.490

    A teacher is preparing criteria to assess the speaking skills of Class V students during a picture-description activity. Which criterion is LEAST appropriate?

    1. A Fluency and logical flow of ideas, without long unnecessary pauses
    2. B How closely the student's accent matches that of a native speaker
    3. C Use of words suited to the situation
    4. D Clarity of speech, so that listeners can easily understand the speaker
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    Correct answer: (B) How closely the student's accent matches that of a native speaker

    The reasonable goal in speaking is intelligibility and effective communication, not a native-speaker accent. Fluency, appropriate vocabulary and clarity are all valid criteria.

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41. Q.491

    Which song is most suitable for teaching English to Class I children who are new to the language?

    1. A A long ballad full of unfamiliar words, to stretch their vocabulary
    2. B A song whose words are copied into notebooks and learnt for a test
    3. C A fast film song full of slang that the children already hear on television at home
    4. D A short action song with a repeated pattern, like 'Head, shoulders, knees and toes'
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) A short action song with a repeated pattern, like 'Head, shoulders, knees and toes'

    Young beginners learn best from short songs with repetition, a clear beat and actions that show meaning, so the words become memorable chunks. Long or fast songs with unfamiliar language overload them, and copying lyrics leaves out the singing and doing.

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42. Q.492

    An exercise in NCERT's Honeycomb (Class VII) asks students to fill blanks with forms of a given word, e.g. 'He has ___ to help me. Do you think he will remember his ___? (promise)' and '(decide) The committee has ___ ... The ___ is likely to please everyone.' What does such practice mainly build?

    1. A Memory of dictionary definitions of single words, one at a time
    2. B Speed of reading aloud
    3. C Ability to translate each word into the mother tongue
    4. D Knowing which form of a word fits each slot in a sentence
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (D) Knowing which form of a word fits each slot in a sentence

    Choosing between 'decided' and 'decision', or 'promised' and 'promise', makes learners see how members of a word family change form to fit their place in a sentence, so one known word opens up several. Such exercises appear under 'Working with Language' in Honeycomb.

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43. Q.493

    A Class V child tries to tell the teacher something in English, but her sentence is so broken that the teacher cannot follow it. Which response best matches the approach suggested in NCERT's position paper on teaching English?

    1. A Tell her to sit down and try again next week, after more practice at home
    2. B Ask her in a language she knows what she meant, then help her say it in English
    3. C Correct each of her errors aloud at once so the whole class can learn from them
    4. D Ask a stronger child to answer instead, to save her embarrassment
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Ask her in a language she knows what she meant, then help her say it in English

    The paper suggests using the known language to reconstruct the meaning of what the learner attempted in imperfect English, in consultation with the learner. This keeps her message at the centre and gives her the English she needs, without shaming her.

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44. Q.494

    NCF 2005 holds that, within the eight years of education constitutionally guaranteed to every child, basic English-language proficiency should be achievable in a span of about:

    1. A One year
    2. B Two years
    3. C Four years
    4. D All eight years
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (C) Four years

    NCF 2005 says it should be possible to achieve basic English-language proficiency in about four years, and that a multilingual approach from the outset will counter ill effects such as the loss of one's own languages. NCERT's English position paper likewise stresses the quality of exposure over the age at which English begins.

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45. Q.495

    The idea of 'language across the curriculum' means that:

    1. A Language should be taught as a separate subject, with more periods in the timetable and its own tests
    2. B Language develops in every subject, so all teachers share responsibility for children's language
    3. C All subjects should be taught only in English from the primary stage
    4. D Children should study the grammar of every subject's textbook language as a separate weekly exercise
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Language develops in every subject, so all teachers share responsibility for children's language

    Children use and build language while learning science, mathematics and social science too, so every class is a language class and every teacher is in a sense a language teacher. The idea is not about adding language periods or changing the medium to English.

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46. Q.496

    Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

    The final of the inter-school kho-kho tournament was played on a dusty ground under a white-hot sky. The girls of Government Girls' School, Sector 9, were smaller than their rivals and had never reached a final before. Their coach, Mrs. Kaur, had drilled them all winter on one thing: sudden changes of direction. In the last turn, with the scores level, their best runner, Ruksana, dodged the chasers for over two minutes, twisting and doubling back so sharply that two of them collided and fell. The whistle blew, the scorers checked their sheets, and then the small girls of Sector 9 were jumping and shrieking in a tight knot in the middle of the ground.

    What had Mrs. Kaur trained her team to do all winter?

    1. A Change direction suddenly
    2. B Run long distances in the heat
    3. C Chase in pairs to trap runners
    4. D Stay calm when scores are level
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    Correct answer: (A) Change direction suddenly

    Mrs. Kaur 'had drilled them all winter on one thing: sudden changes of direction'.

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47. Q.497

    Hindi-pedagogy texts often name incorrect pronunciation as a major cause of spelling errors (वर्तनी दोष) in Hindi. Why?

    1. A Hindi has many silent letters that must be memorised word by word, as in English
    2. B Spelling closely follows sound in Devanagari, so a sound said wrongly is often written wrongly
    3. C Hindi words are spelt differently in every textbook, so children can never be sure of any form
    4. D Children who speak clearly never need to learn spelling
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Spelling closely follows sound in Devanagari, so a sound said wrongly is often written wrongly

    Because letters and sounds correspond closely in Devanagari, children tend to write what they say: a child who says साम for शाम often writes साम. Unlike English, Hindi spelling has hardly any silent letters, which is why pronunciation work is a key remedy for spelling.

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48. Q.498

    Consider these statements based on the 'Notes for the Teacher' in NCERT's Honeycomb and Honeydew. 1. The exercises after a poem are more for understanding the poem as a whole than for teaching language items. 2. Teachers should not go beyond the exercises given in the textbook. Which is/are correct?

    1. A 1 only
    2. B 2 only
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (A) 1 only

    The notes say exercises accompanying a poem are more for understanding the poem as a whole than for teaching language items. They also ask teachers to build on the textbook exercises and design more tasks suited to learners' interests, needs and surroundings, including free-response exercises, so statement 2 is wrong.

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49. Q.499

    After reading a story in which a shopkeeper cheats a farmer, the teacher asks, 'Do you think the farmer should have complained to the panchayat? Why?' This question mainly develops:

    1. A Literal recall of facts stated in the story
    2. B Critical and evaluative thinking
    3. C Spelling skills
    4. D Scanning skills
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    Correct answer: (B) Critical and evaluative thinking

    The question asks children to judge an action and justify their view, which is evaluative or critical comprehension. A literal question would ask only for information stated directly in the text.

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50. Q.500

    Consider these statements about assessing answers in a primary language class: 1. Full marks should go only to answers that match the textbook wording exactly. 2. Answers that show understanding in the child's own words should be accepted. Which is/are appropriate?

    1. A Only 1
    2. B Only 2
    3. C Both 1 and 2
    4. D Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Correct answer: (B) Only 2

    Assessment should reward understanding and expression, and children's own words are the best evidence of both. Insisting on textbook wording encourages rote memorisation.

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